Question

12. Name and explain the 3 types of movement across a plasma membrane, Circle the letter of the type that keeps a resting neuron at-70mV. How does the cell do this? 13. List the 3 types of Functional neurons and their purposes * 14. In your own words, describe how an Action Potential (AP) gets started. * 15. List the steps necessary for chemical information transmission across a synapse. Start your description where the AP reaches the synaptic knobs. 16. What 3 major cell types can receive synaptic information from a neuron? Circle the effectors. * 17. 1. What are the divisions of the vertebrate nervous system (list them)? (.e. the parts of the CNS &PNS) II. Do they work independently? Explain. 18. List 5 things that protect the vertebrate brain and how they do it (the 3 meninges count as I and should be named individually). 19. Describe the difference between a sensory input that creates a Spinal Reflex and one that transmits its message to an interneuron. 20. A) define Endocrine Gland, B) What does an endocrine gland manufacture, and C) How do the products of endocrine glands reach their target organ(s)? 21. A) What does a tropic hormone do?, B) & C) Give 2 examples and their target organ(s). 22. Name the 2 major hormones that control Calcium levels, where they are made, and what effect they have. B. * Answer on the back

Bio 152 mideterm paper.

Answer 1

12. A. Diffusion

B. Active transport

C .Passive transport or facilitated transport.

In Active transport, resting potential is -70mV which is maintained by the difference in concentration of sodium and potassium ions.

13. A. Sensory neurons: it takes messages from muscle to the brain.

B. Motor neurons: it takes messages from the brain to the effector muscles.

C. Interneurons: function between sensory and motor neurons.

14. When stimulus reaches the neuronal membrane, the sodium ions enter the neuron and changes the potential called action potential.

15. When stimulus reaches the neuronal membrane, action potential is generated. Sodium ions enters the membrane followed by release of pottasium ions outside. This exchange of ions is continuous across the membrane till it reaches the synapse. At synapse release of calcium ions causes the ejection of synaptic vesicles. The steps are depolarization, repolarization and then refractory phase.

16. A. Muscle cells.

B. Different neurons.

C. Tissues.

17. The parts of CNS are cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. PNS include sympathetic, para sympathetic and autonomous.

18. Brain is protected by skull, dura matter, arachnoid, pia matter, cerebrospinal fluid. These all protect the brain from damage.

19.sensory neurons carry the signals from the receptor to the brain while that transmit to the interneuron convert it into internal signal.

20. A.Endocrine glands are the glands which secretes into the duct. B.These glands manufacture hormones. C. The hormones then reaches to the target organ through blood.

21. A. Tropic hormones are produced from hypothalamus and pituitary glands. These hormones have endocrine glands as their target. B. FSH - target organ is ovary. LH- target organ is ovary.

22. The two major hormones that control calcium levels are calcitonin which is made up of lipid and parathyroid hormone made up of proteins. Calcitonin reduces the calcium in blood while parathyroid hormone increases the calcium level in blood stream.