Question

14. Given diagram of Succinate to Fumarate to Malate to Oxaloacetate and you have to add the cofactors and products (NOT enzymes). 15. a) Given diagram of Succinyl CoA to Succinate and you have to add the cofactors, products, AND the enzyme. b) What is the specific name of this type of reaction? 16. What is the role of ATP synthase in relation to the Chemiosmotic theory? 17. When the ETC stops functioning, ATP in not synthesized and vise-versa. What does this tell you about the two processes? 18. What does an uncoupler do? 19. Why would an uncoupler generate heat? 20. Given labeled diagram of ATP synthase and you have to match the structural componente 10, beta, a2, gamms, etc.) of the ATP synthase to its function
can you please explain and answere these short answeres. it is from biochem.

Answer 1

14) Succinate to fumarate requires FAD+ as cofactor and product is FADH2

Fumarate to malate requires cofactor H2O and product malate

Malate to Oxaloacetate requires NAD+ as cofactor and product is NADH+H⁺

^​​​15)a.succinyl coA to succinate requires Mg2+ as cofactor ATP as product,enzyme is succinyl coA synthetase

B. Phosphorylation

16) ATP synthase is enzyme used to produce ATP from ADP and Pi once H+ pass through this channel from intermembrane space to matrix. Once there is gradient formed of H+ in between membrane that's leads to diffusion of H+ through ATP synthase and leads to production of ATP, and this is called chemiosmotic diffusion.

17) ETC and ATP synthase both are coupled process called oxidative phosphorylation. If oxidation of NADH or FADH2 takes place then electron move through electron transport chain and this leads to pumping of electron out of matrix to intermembrane space.once this H+ diffuse to matrix through ATP synthase that leads to phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.

18) Uncoupler leads to uncouple two process oxidation and phosphorylation of oxidative-phosphorylation which is coupled process.

So there is continuous oxidation of NADH or FADH but no phosphorylation of ADP and hence no ATP synthesis.

19) Uncoupler generates heat as it leads to short-circuit of electron transport chain pathway as H+ gradients is not forming due to release of H+ in matrix by Uncoupler eg DNP.

So energy is not converting into ATP production and waste in form of heat.

20) ATP synthase is two subunit enzyme Fo-F1 and beta and gamma are part of F1 complex while A2 and c10 are part of Fo subunit. Beta are subunit where ADP or ATP synthesis take place while gamma sunit cause relase of ATP from surface of Beta subunit.A2 and C10 helps in holding F0 to cell membrane.

Hope it's clear..thanks