Question

21. A cranioplasty is performed to provide a. Continuity of the cranium b. Protection of the brain c. Prevention of infection d. All of the above 22. In cranioplasty, the edges of the defect are trim saucer shape so that: a. The bone cement adheres. b. A smooth edge is created. c. The scalp can be attached more easily. d. The prosthesis doesn't drop below the edges of the cranium. 23. When assisting in surgery for a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, the scrub must: a. Handle the shunt and components as little as pos- sible b. Prime the assembly c. Have appropriate size instruments (adult or pediat- ric) d. All of the above 24. Repair of a torn nerve may be performed by joining many individual: a. Nerve sheaths b. Funiculi c. Neurons d. Axons

Answer 1

21 . Cranioplasty might be performed for any of the following reasons: Protection: In certain places, a cranial defect can leave the brain vulnerable to damage. Function: Cranioplasty may improve neurological function for some patients. Headaches: Cranioplasty can reduce headaches due to previous surgery or injury. The primary function of the skull is to house and protect the brain and various important structures of the central nervous system. It is, therefore, imperative to correct and reconstruct any loss in the continuity of this protective shield. Cranioplasty is the surgical intervention to repair cranial defects

Hence the answer is d All of the above

22. In Cranioplasty the edges of the bone are trimmed in saucer shape because the scalp can be attached more easily , the bone cement adheres better, the prosthesis does not drop below the edges of the cranium.

The answer is a , c, d.

23. when assisting surgery for a ventriculoperitoneal shunt,the scrub must handle the shunt as little as possible , prime the assembly , have appropriate size instrument (depending on whether adult or paediatric).

The answer is d all of the above.

24.

Pressure or stretching injuries can cause fibers within the nerve to break. This may interfere with the nerve's ability to send or receive signals, without damaging the cover.
When a nerve is cut, both the nerve and the insulation are severed. Sometimes, the fibers inside the nerve break while the insulation remains intact and healthy. If the insulation has not been cut, the end of the fiber farthest from the brain dies. The end that is closest to the brain does not die. After some time, it may begin to heal. New fibers may grow beneath the intact insulating tissue until it reaches a muscle or sensory receptor.
If both the nerve and insulation have been severed and the nerve is not fixed, the growing nerve fibers may form a painful nerve scar, or neuroma.
The insulation around both ends of the injured nerve is sewn together. The goal in fixing the nerve is to save the insulating cover so that new fibers can grow and the nerve can work again. If there is a space between the ends of the nerve, it may be necessary to take a piece of nerve (nerve graft) from a donor part of the body to fix the injured nerve. This may cause permanent loss of feeling in the area where the donor nerve graft was taken.
Once the insulating cover of the nerve is repaired, the nerve generally begins to heal three or four weeks after the injury. Nerves usually grow one inch every month, depending on the patient's age and other factors.

The answer is Nerve sheaths(insulation) and funiculi (Nerve fibres enclosed in the insulation)