Question

4. Compare and contrast transport processes in animals with no circulatory system, an open circulatory system and a closed circulatory system including how the processes work, the components of each and what they do, and animal examples of each 5. Compare and contrast the different blood types and construct a table that describes the compatibility of blood types

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Answer 1

4. The simplest animals, such as the sponges (Porifera) and rotifers lack a circulatory system because diffusion allows adequate exchange of water, nutrients, and waste material, as well as dissolved gases. Organisms such as jellies (Cnidaria) and comb jellies (Ctenophora) also use diffusion through their epidermis and internally through the gastrovascular compartment.Poriferans have several types of canal system,such as asconoid,leuconoid etc

For more complex organisms, diffusion is not efficient for cycling gases, nutrients, and waste effectively through the body; for that more complex circulatory systems evolved. In an open system, an elongated beating heart pushes the hemolymph through the body and muscle contractions help to move fluids. The larger more complex crustaceans, including lobsters, have developed arterial-like vessels to push blood through their bodies, and the most active mollusks, such as squids, have evolved a closed circulatory system and are able to move rapidly to catch prey

Closed circulatory systems are a characteristic of vertebrates; however, there are significant differences in the structure of the heart and the circulation of blood between the different vertebrate groups due to adaptation during evolution and associated differences in anatomy. The figure below illustrates the basic circulatory systems of some vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.

5. There are several different types of blood. Contained within them are several different types of cells, and countless molecules that give our bodies the needed nutrients to work effectively. The two main types of cells within the blood are red and white blood cells. Red blood cells make up nearly 45% of your blood volume. White blood cells make up less than 1%. What is left over is known as blood plasma. This makes up approximately 55% of your blood volume.

There are 8 main types of blood separated into 4 groups. The groups are A, B, AB, and O. They are grouped together by the presence or absence of what is known as an antigen. Antigens are substances within the blood that cause our immune systems to create antibodies. These antibodies then kill anything the immune system thinks is a threat. The specific antigens that create the different blood types are found on the surface of red blood cells and are known as type A and type B. They’re further separated by the presence of another type of antigen known as rH factor. If you have this rH antigen present, you’re considered positive, if not, you’re considered negative. Someone that has type A antigens and rH factor is considered to have type A+ blood. If you have both types of antigens and no rH factor, you have type AB- blood. If you have no A or B antigens then you are type O blood.

All of this matters because of those antibodies your immune system creates. Someone with type A blood will have antibodies for type B, and someone with type B will have antibodies for type A. Type O has antibodies for both A and B. If you were to give type B blood to someone who was type A, their antibodies would attack the type A red blood cells causing very unwanted side effects, including possible death!.

TABLE