Homework Answers
Solid and dashed arrows represent single and lumped enzymatic reactions, respectively. Malic enzyme is able to catalyze the decarboxylation of malate and OAA. Abbreviations for metabolites (normal text) and enzymes (bold text): PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; OAA, oxaloacetate; PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; PEPCx, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; PCx, pyruvate carboxylase; ODx, oxaloacetate decarboxylase; MDH, malate dehydrogenase; ME, malic enzyme; ICL, isocitrate lyase; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase.
NaMN, nicotinic acid mononucleotide; NaAD, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide; NR, nicotinamide riboside; NMN, nicotinamide mononucleotide; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NADK, NAD kinase.
Abbreviated enzymes (in bold): H2-H, hydrogen-evolving hydrogenase; SH, cytosolic NADP+-reducing hydrogenase; NfnAB, electron-bifurcating NADH-dependent reduced ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase; FNR, ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase; STH, energy-independent soluble transhydrogenase; H+-TH, energy-dependent or proton-translocating, membrane-bound transhydrogenase.
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2. Draw out both steps of the malic enzyme mechanism for the conversion of malate to...
Write out all the steps to show the mechanism upon conversion of 2-butanone to its enamine...
Write out all the steps to show the mechanism upon conversion of 2-butanone to its enamine under the conditions of acid catalysis. 4. .CH нс .CH Н,с"
Pyruvate Kinase, an allosteric enzyme, accelerates the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate. 1) Draw curves describing...
Pyruvate Kinase, an allosteric enzyme, accelerates the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate. 1) Draw curves describing the way the speed of the reaction depends on the concentration of substrate, both in the presence of allosteric effectors (activating and inhibiting), and without effectors. 2) Explain the molecular mechanism by which each of the effectors influences the link between the activity of an enzyme and the concentration of the substrate, both according to the concerted model and the sequential model. 3) Does...
2. (5 pts) Draw out the mechanism for the acid-catalyzed dehydration shown below. Include all steps,...
2. (5 pts) Draw out the mechanism for the acid-catalyzed dehydration shown below. Include all steps, clearly show all charges, and all unshared electron pairs. Use curved arrows to show electron movement in all making and breaking of bonds. NOTE: To show the breaking of a bond you must draw the bond explicitly so that you can clearly draw an arrow from the electrons in the bond. : OH Q" - W H;0* -H;0
4. Write out all the steps to show the mechanism upon conversion of 2-butanone to its...
4. Write out all the steps to show the mechanism upon conversion of 2-butanone to its enamine under the conditions of acid catalysis. wyn Under normal conditions, treatment of a carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride (SOCl2) gives an acid chloride. However, when butanedioic acid (succinic acid) is exposed to these conditions, a different product is obtained with the molecular formula C4H403. Explain. HA . SOCI, soc, , CH,03 so,
In class, we discussed the catalytic mechanism for the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate by the...
In class, we discussed the catalytic mechanism for the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate by the enzyme enolase. The enzyme can also catalyze the reverse reaction and convert phosphoenolpyruvate to 2-phosphoglycerate. a.) Sketch the electron pushing mechanism for the reverse reaction. Be sure to include the catalytic lysine and glutamate in your mechanism. b.) Is glutamate a general acid or base in the reverse reaction? How about lysine? c.) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a chelating agent that sequesters divalent metal...
10. In the conversion of phenylalanine into phenylpyruvic acid (shown below), what is the co-factor that is utilized to make the functional enzyme that carries out this oxidative deamination transfor...
10. In the conversion of phenylalanine into phenylpyruvic acid (shown below), what is the co-factor that is utilized to make the functional enzyme that carries out this oxidative deamination transformation? CO-H S-phenylalanine A. PLP (pyridoxal monophosphate) B. PMP (pyridoxamine monophosphate) C. FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) D. NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dihydride) E. NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
10. In the conversion of phenylalanine into phenylpyruvic acid (shown below), what is the co-factor that is utilized to make the functional enzyme that...
Chymotrypsin What evidence in chymotrypsin mechanism supports the claim that chymotrypsin catalysis involves general acid-base catalysis...
Chymotrypsin What evidence in chymotrypsin mechanism supports the claim that chymotrypsin catalysis involves general acid-base catalysis and covalent catalysis? Draw the chemical structure of the transition state (resembles the intermediate structure) in the step that forms the enzyme-product covalent adduct. In comparison to the substrate, how is the tetrahedral transition state preferentially stabilized by enzyme? Chymotrypsin mechanism: Write all the steps in the mechanism and understand what each step accomplishes.
Draw the mechanism arrows for both propagation steps for the radical addition of HBr to the...
Draw the mechanism arrows for both propagation steps for the
radical addition of HBr to the alkene.
Draw the mechanism arrows for both propagation steps for the radical addition of HBr to the alkene.Draw the mechanism arrows for both propagation steps for the radical addition of HBr to the alkene. To add curved arrows that meet in space, first add a generic atom X, then add the curved arrows so that they terminate at the X, In each box, do...
Draw the mechanism for the reaction shown below: o This mechanism requires 6 distinct steps This...
Draw the mechanism for the reaction shown below: o This mechanism requires 6 distinct steps This is an acid-catalyzed reaction, use the H30+ in your mechanism o Be sure to include all curved arrows to show the movement of electrons Be sure to include all lone pairs and formal charges on atoms, as necessary For each step in your mechanism, label it based on the type of mechanism step it is H H :N-H
Please draw both the acid and base cataylsis of the ketose shown to an aldose. Y...
Please draw both the acid and base cataylsis
of the ketose shown to an aldose. Y ou use (3 pts) Draw the compiete mechanism for the isomerization acid or base catalysis, but NOT tautomerization.
Write out all the steps to show the mechanism upon conversion of 2-butanone to its enamine under the conditions of acid catalysis. 4. .CH нс .CH Н,с"
2. (5 pts) Draw out the mechanism for the acid-catalyzed dehydration shown below. Include all steps, clearly show all charges, and all unshared electron pairs. Use curved arrows to show electron movement in all making and breaking of bonds. NOTE: To show the breaking of a bond you must draw the bond explicitly so that you can clearly draw an arrow from the electrons in the bond. : OH Q" - W H;0* -H;0
4. Write out all the steps to show the mechanism upon conversion of 2-butanone to its enamine under the conditions of acid catalysis. wyn Under normal conditions, treatment of a carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride (SOCl2) gives an acid chloride. However, when butanedioic acid (succinic acid) is exposed to these conditions, a different product is obtained with the molecular formula C4H403. Explain. HA . SOCI, soc, , CH,03 so,
10. In the conversion of phenylalanine into phenylpyruvic acid (shown below), what is the co-factor that is utilized to make the functional enzyme that carries out this oxidative deamination transformation? CO-H S-phenylalanine A. PLP (pyridoxal monophosphate) B. PMP (pyridoxamine monophosphate) C. FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) D. NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dihydride) E. NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
10. In the conversion of phenylalanine into phenylpyruvic acid (shown below), what is the co-factor that is utilized to make the functional enzyme that...
Draw the mechanism arrows for both propagation steps for the
radical addition of HBr to the alkene.
Draw the mechanism arrows for both propagation steps for the radical addition of HBr to the alkene.Draw the mechanism arrows for both propagation steps for the radical addition of HBr to the alkene. To add curved arrows that meet in space, first add a generic atom X, then add the curved arrows so that they terminate at the X, In each box, do...
Draw the mechanism for the reaction shown below: o This mechanism requires 6 distinct steps This is an acid-catalyzed reaction, use the H30+ in your mechanism o Be sure to include all curved arrows to show the movement of electrons Be sure to include all lone pairs and formal charges on atoms, as necessary For each step in your mechanism, label it based on the type of mechanism step it is H H :N-H
Please draw both the acid and base cataylsis
of the ketose shown to an aldose. Y ou use (3 pts) Draw the compiete mechanism for the isomerization acid or base catalysis, but NOT tautomerization.
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