Homework Answers
Answer:
A promoter is a short sequence of nucleotides present upstream to the transcription start site. They contain a consensus sequence to which transcription factors bind and initiate the gene expression process. A promoter is considered strong or weak based on its interaction with the RNA polymerase enzyme and sigma factor. The consensus sequence of the promoter should match with the enzyme, otherwise, the interaction is weak, thereby making the promoter weak as the gene expression and transcription are weaker resulting in less amount of product. Naturally, the system has both strong and weak promoters based on the desired product required.
In the present scenario, since the large product of 7-ADCA is required a strong promoter is essential for the cefE gene from Streptomyces clavuligerus.
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(c) A strong promoter was needed on the gene encoding Streptomyces clavuligerus cefE to ensure large...
2. (a) Penicillin N 2 is converted into 7-ADCA 5 in Acremonium chrysogenum by the pathway...
2. (a) Penicillin N 2 is converted into 7-ADCA 5 in Acremonium chrysogenum by the pathway shown below. Briefly explain why 7-ADCA 5 is a valuable compound in the pharmaceutical industry. (2 points) I ZI HH ES IZ od NH3 ż- NH3 cete áo Boo penicillin N 2 DAOC 3 'N 2 D-amino acid - CO2, -NH3 oxidase, O21 -HO HNS H2O glutaryl acylase Y CHE INCH CH3 7-ADCA 5 0 (b) Wild type strains of Acremonium chrysogenum normally produce...
Background: Several genetic regions are needed for lactose metabolism: P(promoter), O(operator), lacZ(b-galactosidase gene), lacY(permease gene), lacA(transacetylase...
Background: Several genetic regions are needed for lactose
metabolism: P(promoter), O(operator), lacZ(b-galactosidase gene),
lacY(permease gene), lacA(transacetylase gene) and lacI(repressor
gene). Strains can be defined as having + - c or s copies: + refers
to the functional version, - refers to a defect version, c refers
to a constitutively active version and s refers to a superrepressor
version. Each strain may or may not have an extra-chromosomal
plasmid containing the genes indicated. TA=transacetylase
it would be very helpful if you...
(c) Briefly explain how erythromycin-producing bacteria (Streptomyces) avoid being killed by the antibiotic, and hence outline...
(c) Briefly explain how erythromycin-producing bacteria (Streptomyces) avoid being killed by the antibiotic, and hence outline a potential problem associated with efforts to obtain novel erythromycin analogues by re-engineering the native gene cluster for erythromycin biosynthesis. (3 points)
What control elements regulate expression of the mPGES-1 gene? The promoter of a gene includes the...
What control elements regulate expression of the mPGES-1 gene? The promoter of a gene includes the DNA immediately upstream of the transcription start site, but expression of the gene can also be affected by control elements. These can be thousands of base pairs upstream of the promoter, grouped in an enhancer. Because the distance and spacing of these control elements make them difficult to identify, scientists begin by deleting sections of DNA that contain possible control elements and measuring the...
1. (a) Microorganisms can be used to remove chemical pollutants from the environment. ine gene cluster...
1. (a) Microorganisms can be used to remove chemical pollutants from the environment. ine gene cluster xyl encodes several enzymes that are involved in degrading toluene, and transcription of these genes is activated when the xylS protein (expressed continuously under a constitutively active promoter p) binds to toluene. Only then can the resulting xyls/toluene complex bind to the pm promoter to activate transcription of the genes in the xyl cluster. By considering the cellular location of the enzymes that degrade...
3. (a) Most antibiotics, or their precursors, are obtained from microorganisms that have been bred to...
3. (a) Most antibiotics, or their precursors, are obtained from microorganisms that have been bred to produce them in the best yields from simple nutrient precursors. Recently the field has been changed by successful efforts to clone the genes encoding the enzymes that mediate antibiotic biosynthesis. ( - HO =o HO HO For example, erythronolide 7, which is the precursor of erythromycin, is made by three proteins (DEBS1, DEBS2 and DEBS3), each of which is composed of several domains capable...
(c) An E. coli strain was created by transforming with the two plasmids shown below: pm...
(c) An E. coli strain was created by transforming with the two plasmids shown below: pm Tet' gene pxyls HOC 5 G. E. coli Amp' gene Kan gene Mutants of this transformed E. coli strain can be obtained by exposing the cells to dimethyl sulfate. Briefly, explain how you might screen these mutants to obtain an xyls variant that can bind to 4-ethylbenzoic acid 1, carefully explaining the logic underlying your protocol. You can assume that wild type xyls cannot...
molecular biology Section C (40 marks) Answer ALL questions from this Section 5. You have isolated total RNA from muscle cells and constructeda muscle cDNA library. You wish to study the regulatory r...
molecular biology
Section C (40 marks) Answer ALL questions from this Section 5. You have isolated total RNA from muscle cells and constructeda muscle cDNA library. You wish to study the regulatory region of a muscle-specific cDNA gene (gene M) that you have previously identified. 6 (a) For your study, you need to isolate a genomic clone of gene M. Why isa cDNA clone of gene M not appropriate for your study? (2 marks) (b) Outline the steps you would...
Eukaryote gene regulation question... about the yeast... please help me... 3. (7 points total) You are...
Eukaryote gene regulation question... about the yeast... please
help me...
3. (7 points total) You are studying a set of genes in yeast (a eukaryote) that are required for the utilization of mannose. Mannose is a sugar that can be used by yeast cells but they will preferentially use glucose if it is available; this is similar to how the galactose genes work. Since you are a geneticist you study the genes by mutating them so they won't work and...
Can someone carefully explain and answer questions A, B, C, D and E in detail, please!!!...
Can someone carefully explain and answer questions A, B, C, D
and E in detail, please!!!
Score Name Student ID last first [25 points total] Tutorial question IV An electrically neutral cylinder is made out of a polarizable material. The cylinder is placed in a region of strong electric field that points upward A. [4 pts] Sketch bound charges on the diagram at right. Briefly explain your reasoning B. [6 pts] In what direction is the dipole moment of the...
2. (a) Penicillin N 2 is converted into 7-ADCA 5 in Acremonium chrysogenum by the pathway shown below. Briefly explain why 7-ADCA 5 is a valuable compound in the pharmaceutical industry. (2 points) I ZI HH ES IZ od NH3 ż- NH3 cete áo Boo penicillin N 2 DAOC 3 'N 2 D-amino acid - CO2, -NH3 oxidase, O21 -HO HNS H2O glutaryl acylase Y CHE INCH CH3 7-ADCA 5 0 (b) Wild type strains of Acremonium chrysogenum normally produce...
Background: Several genetic regions are needed for lactose
metabolism: P(promoter), O(operator), lacZ(b-galactosidase gene),
lacY(permease gene), lacA(transacetylase gene) and lacI(repressor
gene). Strains can be defined as having + - c or s copies: + refers
to the functional version, - refers to a defect version, c refers
to a constitutively active version and s refers to a superrepressor
version. Each strain may or may not have an extra-chromosomal
plasmid containing the genes indicated. TA=transacetylase
it would be very helpful if you...
(c) Briefly explain how erythromycin-producing bacteria (Streptomyces) avoid being killed by the antibiotic, and hence outline a potential problem associated with efforts to obtain novel erythromycin analogues by re-engineering the native gene cluster for erythromycin biosynthesis. (3 points)
1. (a) Microorganisms can be used to remove chemical pollutants from the environment. ine gene cluster xyl encodes several enzymes that are involved in degrading toluene, and transcription of these genes is activated when the xylS protein (expressed continuously under a constitutively active promoter p) binds to toluene. Only then can the resulting xyls/toluene complex bind to the pm promoter to activate transcription of the genes in the xyl cluster. By considering the cellular location of the enzymes that degrade...
3. (a) Most antibiotics, or their precursors, are obtained from microorganisms that have been bred to produce them in the best yields from simple nutrient precursors. Recently the field has been changed by successful efforts to clone the genes encoding the enzymes that mediate antibiotic biosynthesis. ( - HO =o HO HO For example, erythronolide 7, which is the precursor of erythromycin, is made by three proteins (DEBS1, DEBS2 and DEBS3), each of which is composed of several domains capable...
(c) An E. coli strain was created by transforming with the two plasmids shown below: pm Tet' gene pxyls HOC 5 G. E. coli Amp' gene Kan gene Mutants of this transformed E. coli strain can be obtained by exposing the cells to dimethyl sulfate. Briefly, explain how you might screen these mutants to obtain an xyls variant that can bind to 4-ethylbenzoic acid 1, carefully explaining the logic underlying your protocol. You can assume that wild type xyls cannot...
molecular biology
Section C (40 marks) Answer ALL questions from this Section 5. You have isolated total RNA from muscle cells and constructeda muscle cDNA library. You wish to study the regulatory region of a muscle-specific cDNA gene (gene M) that you have previously identified. 6 (a) For your study, you need to isolate a genomic clone of gene M. Why isa cDNA clone of gene M not appropriate for your study? (2 marks) (b) Outline the steps you would...
Eukaryote gene regulation question... about the yeast... please
help me...
3. (7 points total) You are studying a set of genes in yeast (a eukaryote) that are required for the utilization of mannose. Mannose is a sugar that can be used by yeast cells but they will preferentially use glucose if it is available; this is similar to how the galactose genes work. Since you are a geneticist you study the genes by mutating them so they won't work and...
Can someone carefully explain and answer questions A, B, C, D
and E in detail, please!!!
Score Name Student ID last first [25 points total] Tutorial question IV An electrically neutral cylinder is made out of a polarizable material. The cylinder is placed in a region of strong electric field that points upward A. [4 pts] Sketch bound charges on the diagram at right. Briefly explain your reasoning B. [6 pts] In what direction is the dipole moment of the...
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