Question

5-8

5. What happens to synovial fluid when there is immobility? How is this remedied? 6. What is an articular dise? Labrum? What are the functions of these structures? 7. Be able to describe the nerve and blood supply of the typical joint. 8. What are bursae? Describe the anatomy of these, their function. What is bursitis? 9. Describe the structure and function of tendon sheaths. 10. Know the different types of movements at synovial joints. (Usually a matching question or MC) II know the different types of synovial joints, their functional classification if there is one and an example of a common one 12. Know the difference between uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial motion of the joint 13. What is range of motion (ROM)? What are some of the factors that impact ROM? cacroiliac, talocrural, shoulder joint and

Answer 1

5: Synovial fluid or joint fluid helps in lubricating the joints and allows for ease of movement and also in nutrient and waste transportation.When the joint is immobile, the flow of the Synovial fluid ceasesand the diffusion of fluid in an out of cartilage stops. Joint motion causes alternating cartilage compression and distension.It can be diagnosed by taking X-rays(to identify)or by computed tomography scan or Magnetic resonance imaging and some also made by Bone scanning.

The remedies given below can be followed;

*Stay physically active and follow a fitness program focusing on moderate exercise.

*Stretch before exercising to maintain a good range of motion.

*Keep your body weight within healthy range.

*And some other treatment which depend on the cause and medications.

6: The Articular disc(or disk)is a thin,oval plate of fibrocartilage present in several joints which separates Synovial cavities.This separation of the cavity space allows for separate movement to occur in each space.The presence of this disc also permits distribution of forces between at articulating surface of bones and increased stability of joints.

Labrum is a piece of fibrocartilage(rubbery tissue)attached to the shoulder's socket that helps keep the ball of joint in place.When it is torn, it is called Labral Tear.labral tear result from injury or sometimes part of aging process.

7: The Articular capsule and ligaments persons which nerve supply.articular nurves vary in number and their areas of distribution overlap with in capsule.The knee joint is supplied by branches from the femoral, sciatie and obturator nerve,which among them supplies the various muscle moving the joint.

The blood supply of a Synovial Joint comes from the Arteries sharing in anastomosis around the joint.It supplies capsule,synovial membrane and epiphyses.

8: Bursae a fluid-filled sac located around a joint that cushion bones when muscles,tendons or skin rub against the bone.

Anatomy: whenever there are tendons moving across a bony structure, there is a bursa.There are approximately 150 bursa found in the body.Most are present at birth.It is filled with fluid which is thick and a lining of Synovial fluid is seen.If no bursae are present,bending our elbow would be like trying to go down a slide with shorts on..

Function: there are four different types of bursae in our body.Three are present at birth. ADVENTITIOUS type which develop anywhere there is constant use and friction.The other three are SUBCUTANEOUS(under skin),SYNOVIAL(in joints),and SU-MUSCULAR Bursae(under muscle).They are named according to their function in body.

Bursitis:Inflammation of the fluid filled parts (bursae)that acts as a cushion of the joint.

9: Structure:A tendon-sheath is quite thin but it is composed of a few layer of connective tissue-fibrous and Synovial layer. fibrous layer is supportive and protective .the Synovial layer lines the tendon and produce Synovial fluid. both the layer are flexible and they move as tendon moves.They are located around tendons in joints around the body including hands, arm,shoulder, legs and feet.

Function: the tendon-sheath protect the tendons when they are at rest and when they move .they prevent tendon from adhering to surrounding structure and they protect them from damage that could occur within respective movements.

10: Synovial Joint allows bones to slide part each other or to rotate around each other.The types of Synovial Joint movements are abduction(away), addiction(towards),flexion(close),extension(open),and rotation. hence there are six types of movements in Synovial joint.

11: there are six types of Synovial joints they are; 1)PIVOT JOINTS:It allows for rotational movement .this type of joint can be found between the neck and vertebrae. example;when you turn your head side to side it's due to rotatory motion of pivot joint.2)HINGE JOINTS:this type of joint can be found between your upper and lower arm bones. they allows for swinging motion. example;if you have ever twisted your knee or rolled your angle, it is likely that the hinge joint was forced to move.3)SADDLE JOINTS:The bones sitting on the saddle in an oral shape is called saddle joint. Our Thumb is a classic example. 4)PLANE JOINTS: they are usually associated with small bones of wrist and ankle.bone slide along beside one another. 5)CANDYLOID JOINTS:joint form where the head of one or more bones fit in a elliptical cavity of another.example;connection in your wrist where it connects radius or lower arm and carpel.6)BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS:the type of Synovial Joint in which ball shaped surface of one rounded Bond fits into Cup like depression of another born .example ;shoulder and hip joint.

12:Uniaxial joint only allows for a motion in a single plane(around a single Axis).The elbow joint which only allows for bending or straightening is an example of uniaxial joint.

Biaxial joint allows for motion within two plane.example of biaxial joint is metacarpophalangeal joint(Knuckle joint)of hand.

Multiplanar or Triaxial joint rotate in all three axis,following movements in all three planes.The shoulder joint is an example of triaxial joints.

13: The full movement is potential of a joint usually than its range of fixation and extension is called range of motion(ROM).for example;a knee may lack 10 degree of full extension due to an injury.

The factor that impact range of motion are like sports injuries,pulled muscle,torn ACL( anterior cruciate ligament), torn MCL (medial Collateral ligament ),stress fracture, planar fasciitis, sprained ankle ,tennis elbow, low back pain, Hip brucitis and more....