Question

Bowman Science: Bra NAM What are the two box What type of informat Muscle Nerve Review REBECCARIERI 7. What cell makes this substance hat are the four hum 8. What is its function? at three functions oc What is the function of the protein channels? are the three struc 10. What is the voltage of a typical neuron for its resting membrane potential re the two main fu ... travels down its concentration gradient, what happens inside the con 11. When sodium travels down its concentration gradient, what What happens when the inside of the cell becomes more position the two main fur 13. What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump? the thalamus da 14. What occurs when the cell reaches its threshold of -55mV? function of the 15. What ion is important for nerves to function properly? rmones of the 16. What releases the neurotransmitter from the vesicles? on does the neurotransmitter affect the ion channels across from the synapse the cerebrun 18. What type of neurotransmitter is GABA? he two hemis 19. What neurotransmitter is needed for muscle contraction? e nuclei? 20. Do inhibitory messages send the action potential above or below threshold? sed by a m. s of each **On the synapse drawing, what error does Mr. Anderson make when writing calcium?** etosens cortex

Answer 1

Actually the question seems to be incomplete. With the details missing, I will still try to answer most of the questions accurately.

Ans 7.Based on the incomplete information, it is difficult to answer this question. Since most of the questions here deal with neurons and neurotransmitters I can assume that the cells in question as most likely to be neurons or the nerve cells.

Ans 8. This answer is again based on assumption. I am assuming that the substance in question is a “neurotransmitter”. The function of a neurotransmitter is to relay the signal transduction. A neurotransmitter is a chemical substance which can transmit signals from one neuron to the anther.

Ans 9. Protein channels are membrane-bound entities that facilitate the transport of substances across a cell. Mostly, in this case, the protein channels are involved in the transportation of ions based on the concentration gradient. Protein channels mainly transport the ions either by facilitated diffusion or by active transport.

Ans 10. The resting membrane potential of a neuron is -70 millivolt or mV.

Ans 11. When sodium travels down its concentration gradient, the inside of the cell becomes more positive. This is also called as the depolarization of the neurons.

Ans 12. When the inside of the cells become more positive, voltage gated potassium channels open up leading to the efflux of K+ions. This stage is known as repolarization where the voltage inside a cell gets decreased.

Ans 13. Sodium potassium pump is one of the classical examples of active transport. This pump is responsible for bringing 2 potassium ions inside the cells as it expels 3 sodium ions out of the cell. This pump uses the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis.

Ans 14. When the cell reaches a threshold of -55 mV, then it is committed to firing an action potential. You can clearly see from any classical graph of membrane potential that stimulus causes several failed initiations to occur. These initiations do not turn into actual action potential because they are not potent enough or in other words, the action potential does not cross the threshold value of -55 mV. Once the cells reach and cross this value it fires an action potential.

Ans 15. Calcium ions are most important for the nerves to function properly.

Ans 16. Calcium ions control the release of neurotransmitters from the vesicles.

Ans 17. Once the neurotransmitters are released from the pre-synaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft, the neurotransmitters bind to the receptors present in the post-synaptic neurons. This causes the opening up of the voltage-gated/leaky sodium channels in the post-synaptic neuron. This causes the depolarization of the neuron and marks the beginning of the action potential.

Ans 18. GABA is gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Ans 19. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that is required for muscle contraction.

Ans 20. Inhibitory messages send the action potentials below the threshold for firing an action potential.