Question

ORGANISM: Characteristics: type or organism, Gr am pos or neg, capsules formation, virulence genes, spore formation, biofilm former, toxins, etc Testing: how would this organism would be discovered and monitored Disease and conditions: microorganisms may cause different disease conditions based on where the infection occurs; this section can be quite lengthy Treatment: which kind of medications and antibiotics would be used if necessary Other: any other facts and information which may not fits into the above categories such as vaccination, prevention and infection control 1. Neisseria meningitis 2. Streptococcuc (Enterocococcus) faecalis 3. Elephantiasis - Lymphatic filariast 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Wuchereria bancrofti Enterobius vermicularis Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis Hookworms Necatar & Ancylostoma Lice (Head, body & pubic) pediculosis species Entamoeba histolyctica

Answer 1

neisseria meningitidis
morphology - Gram-negative, non-spore forming, non-motile, encapsulated, and non acid-fast diplococci.

Testing
It requires an aerobic environment with 5% CO2 and enriched media containing blood for growth.Transparent, non-pigmented, non-hemolytic, and convex colonies are produced on blood agar after overnight incubation at 35-37°C.
It is oxidase and catalase positive

Disease - mild flu-like symptoms such as fever, joint pain, and occasionally rash.

Treatment
Treated with a 3-7 day course of intravenous or intramuscular penicillin or ceftriaxone.

Others
capsular polysaccharide vaccines and protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines are available.

Streptococcus faecalis
Morphology - Gram- positive cocci, arranged individually, in pairs, or short chains, non-spore forming, non-motile, noncapsulated.

Testing
Enterococcus faecalis is grown of bacteriological agar that contains blood, it typically appears as small gray colonies that lack a zone of hemolyzed cells surrounding the colony.

Disease
Enterococci can cause urinary tract, wound, and soft tissue infections.

Treatment
Treatment with penicillin or ampicillin for infections such as urinary tract infection, peritonitis, and wound infections.

Others
IMMUNISATION - None, PROPHYLAXIS - None.

wuchereria bancrofti
Filarial nematode that, as an adult, is a thread-like worm

Disease
Chronic ADLA attacks can cause renal disease, haematuria, proteinuria, chyluria, nephritic syndrome and glomerulanephritis.

Treatment
A combination of both albendazole and ivermectin, or albendazole and diethylcarbamazine are effective in eliminating of microfilaria.

Enterobius vermicularis
Morphology
Three developmental stages: eggs, larvae and adults. Eggs are elongate-oval in shape. Adult worms appear as elongate whitish tubes with pointed tails. Host - humans

Disease
Adult worms attach to the mucosa and feed on intestinal content, bacteria and possibly epithelial cells, causing minute ulcerations which may lead to mild catarrhal inflammation with diarrhoea,

Giardia lamblia
Protozoan flagellates. Cyst - Oval cyst is thick walled with four nuclei and several internal fibers.
Trophozoite - Pear-shaped with two nuclei, four pairs of flagella and a suction disk.

Testing
Faecal specimen containing Giardia lamblia may have an offensive odour and are pale colored, fatty and float in water. ELISA test that detects a Giardia cyst wall antigen in the stool can be used .

Disease
Upset stomach or nausea/vomiting, Stomach or abdominal cramps, Dehydration , Watery (non bloody), foul-smelling diarrhea

Treatment
Metronidazole is the most commonly prescribed antibiotic.

Trichomonas vaginalis
A single cell protozoan parasite with a whip-like tail that it uses to propel itself through vaginal and urethral mucus.

Disease
Symptoms of infection include vaginal secretion that is scanty and mixed with mucus; malodorous discharge that is frothy, yellow or green, mycopurulent, and copious.

Treatment
metronidazole

Testing
cell culture, immunological techniques, PCR assay.

Hookworms necatar
Morphology - intestinal nematode parasite, head curves opposite to curvature of body, giving a hooked appearance to the anterior end.

Disease
Adult parasites attached to the villi of small intestines suck blood causing abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, cramps, anorexia, weight loss

Treatment
abendazole, mebendazola, pyrantel pamoate, levamisole

Entameba histolytica morphology
Obligate parasite of human alimentary tract; possess both cyst (10-15 µm in diameter) and trophozoite forms.

Disease
Fever, severe abdominal cramps, profuse bloody diarrhea and tenesmus; complications include massive hemorrhage, peritonitis, amebomas and liver abscesses.

Treatment
Susceptible to metronidazole, tinidazone, ornidazole, deloxanide furoate, iodoquinol, dehydroemetine, chloroquine, tetracycline.

Testing
microscopic demonstration of trophozoites or cysts in faecal specimens, serological assays.