Question

What is cross species transmission? – Explain the genetic mechanism of this phenomenon. Identify a cross species transmission disease.

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Answer 1

Answer :)

Viruses of HIV-AIDS, ebola, SARS, bird flu, rabies, and swine flu are developing infectious diseases where the viruses have skipped from one animal species into another and currently infect humans. This is often a phenomenon referred to as cross-species transmission and scientists are working to work out what drives it. The major causes of new human viral diseases are epizootic and enzootic viruses of animals. The jeopardies of such unidentified viruses are underlined by the rise of hantaviruses, SARS coronavirus (CoV), Ebola and Marburg viruses, Hendra virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2, and Nipah virus, and all cross-species host switches of recognized enzootic viruses that were unidentified before their emergences into humans.

Cross-host exposures are a significant step in transference to fresh hosts, and some host-switching actions are likely prohibited because of limited contact between the viruses and the possible new hosts. For example, duo HIV-1 and -2 have moved to humans multiple times since around 1920 to make new epidemic virus clades. Though the evolutionary connection of the hosts is possibly a factor in host switching, the intensity and rate of contact maybe even more dangerous. Viral host changes between closely related species are possibly limited by cross-immunity to related pathogens or by innate immune resistance to linked viral groups. The evolution of viruses to permit adaptation to novel hosts is still not well unstated. The level of genetic variation is vital, and the maximum viruses transferred to new hosts are barely adapted, replicate poorly, and are incompetently transmitted, so that the better the rate of variation the more possible a virus is to adapt to the novel host. This shows that cross-species transmission must be mutual in quickly evolving viruses. An important restriction manipulating emergence and successful host transfer is the manner of virus transmission. For instance, arthropod vectors feeding on a range of mammalian hosts can enable cross-species viral exposures.

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