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A researcher aims to study the relationship between the quality of breakfast and academic performance for...

A researcher aims to study the relationship between the quality of breakfast and academic performance for third grade children. The researcher obtains a sample of 100 third-grade children. Each child is interviewed to determine their typical breakfast, and the child is assigned a score describing the nutritional value of their breakfast. Also, the child’s level of academic performance is obtained from school records. The results show that higher academic performance tends to be associated with a higher level of nutritional value at breakfast.

a) Describe how the directionality problem limits the interpretation of these results. Be specific and detailed.

b) Describe how the third-variable problem limits the interpretation of these results. Be specific and detailed.

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