Question

1. (a) If the disaccharide lactose is hydrolyzed into monosaccharides, how will the products enter the glycolysis pathway? To show this, draw the full structure of lactose and show how it is hydrolyzed and the steps required for the products to be metabolized in the glycolysis pathway. For each synthetic step, write the name and draw the structure of reactant(s) and product(s), indicate any cofactors, and name the enzymes required. (Include final product for each (is, the glycolytic intermediate) and the basic steps to the glycolysis pathway). (12 points) (b) How many net ATP molecules are produced if these molecules are converted to 2 mol of pyruvate? (3 points) (c) How many FADH, are produced if these pyruvate molecules are then fully oxidized in the citric acid cycle? (2 points) (d) How many total ATP molecules are produced if all possible products are fully oxidized in the citric acid cycle and enter the electron transport chain? Account for the total amount of ATP produced, including ATP ultimately produced from the electron carriers later in respiration. Assume 2.5 ATP produced per NADH and 1.5 ATP produced per FADH.. (4 points)

Answer 1