Question

1. There are other staining procedures beyond simple staining and differential staining. Examples include endospore, acid-fast, capsule, and flagella stains. Please pick one staining technique to research and answer the following questions: •

What is the theory behind the staining technique, what stains are used, how are they applied, what portion of the bacteria are they reacting with • How is this stain used to differentiate or identify bacterial cells or cell structures? • Describe the staining technique. List and describe the steps as necessary. • Find (and cite) a picture example of your staining technique • Give examples of the bacterial species or structures that are identified with your stain • Give an example of how this stain would be used in a health care setting.

Answer 1

Staining is a technique used to differentiate contrast in samples, at the microscopic level. a stain is a discoloration that can be clearly distinguished from the surface, material, or medium. There are different type of staining are present which include endospore, acid- fast, gram staining etc. Here we are going to explain brief about capsule staining. Capsule stain is a type of differential stain which uses acidic and basic dyes to stain background and bacterial cell. So the presence of capsule is easily visible. capsule is prepared by the cytoplasm and are found outside of the cell. capsule stain poorly with reagents used in simple stating technique. negative staining methods contrast a translucent, darker, colored, background with stained capsule cell. a positive capsule stain requires a mordant that precipitate the capsule. a drop of serum can be used during smearing to enhance the size of the capsule and make it more easily observed. reagents which used for capsule staining is CRYSTAL VIOLET(1%) OR NIGROSIN. Crystal violet stain include crystal violet (85% dye content) that's 1gm and distilled water 100ml. in the case of nigrosine which is water soluble is 10gm and distilled water is 100ml. the detailed procedure are given below take a drop of loopful of bacterial culture in a slide. to this add a drop of stain negative stain (such as nigrosine, ) then drag the slide using another slide to make the culture as athin filament and left the slide for air fix, then a drop of crystal violet stain into the slide for about 1 minute. kept it for air dry. after about 5 minute observe the slide under a microscope. examples of positive bacteria Bacillus anthracis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumonia etc. example for negative bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoreae etc,