Question

Please help in all parts of the question. Thank you in advance.

Find at least 3 different organisms (yeast cannot be one of the 3) that produce ATP without the use of oxygen. Search the WWW  to find information on this phenomenon and write a paragraph for each (200-250 words in total) in your own words, addressing at least the following points:

1. What is the name of the organism and what general kind of organism is it?

2. What is the environment that the organism lives in, and for what reason(s) is that environment devoid of oxygen?

3. By what mechanism does each organism generate ATP?

Note: Include references

Answer 1

Anaerobic Respiration
The respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen is anaerobic respiration. In this process, incomplete oxidation of food material is being and produces carbon dioxide and alcohol. Beside this other organic matter like citric acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, etc are also produced.

1. What is the name of the organism and what general kind of organism is it?

A. Methenogen (archea)
Archaea constitute a domain of single-celled organisms. These microorganisms are prokaryotes, and have no cell nucleus.

B. Clostridium bacteria
Clostridium, genus of rod-shaped, usually gram-positive bacteria, members of which are found in soil, water, and the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals.

C.sulfate-reducing bacteria
Example :Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
Sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB) get their energy by reducing elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide.

2. What is the environment that the organism lives in, and for what reason(s) is that environment devoid of oxygen?

A. Methenogen (archea)
Methanogens have been found in several extreme environments on Earth – buried under kilometres of ice in Greenland and living in hot, dry desert soil.

B. Clostridium bacteria

Clostridium, genus of rod-shaped, usually gram-positive bacteria, members of which are found in soil, water, and the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals. Most species grow only in the complete absence of oxygen. Dormant cells are highly resistant to heat, desiccation, and toxic chemicals and detergents.

C.sulfate-reducing bacteria

Sulfate occurs widely in seawater, sediment, or water rich in decaying organic material. They are also found in more extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents, acid-mine drainage sites, oil fields, and the deep subsurface, including the world's oldest isolated ground water.

:Devoid of oxygen :
Despite their requirement for fastidiously anoxic conditions, these anaerobic microorganisms are ubiquitous in the environment and occur in a large range of “extreme” habitats that include anoxic sewage digestors, mammalian, ruminant and termite digestive tracts, polar lakes and tundra, geothermal submarine vents.

3. By what mechanism does each organism generate ATP?

A. Methenogen (archea)
The archaebacteria have cell walls and flagella like other bacteria. ... Some archaea are lithotrophs and obtain energy from inorganic compounds such as sulfur. These archaea used electron transport chains to create ATP. Other archaea are phototrophs and obtain energy from sunlight.

B. Clostridium bacteria
Many bacteria and archaea are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can switch between aerobic respiration and anaerobic pathways (fermentation or anaerobic respiration) depending on the availability of oxygen. This approach allows lets them get more ATP out of their glucose molecules when oxygen is around—since aerobic cellular respiration makes more ATP than anaerobic pathways—but to keep metabolizing and stay alive when oxygen is scarce.
Clostridium difficile undergoes amino acid fermentation in order to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a source of energy and can also utilise sugars.

C.sulfate-reducing bacteria
Example :Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
All sulfate-reducing organisms and bacteria are strict anaerobes. Because sulfate is energetically stable, it must be activated by adenylation to form APS (adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate) to form APS before it can be metabolized, thereby consuming ATP.