Question

Researchers have developed a number of theories to explain motivation, and each theory contributes to a better understanding of motivation. In this module, you have read about drive reduction and arousal theory, behavioral and social-cognitive theories, and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. In this activity, you will write a 3-5 page essay that discusses different theories of motivation.

Objectives:

• Describe how psychologists define and classify motivation, and evaluate various theories that explain motivation.
• Discuss eating behavior, eating disorders, and factors that contribute to individual differences in body weight.
• Explore how sexual attitudes and behavior vary across cultures and genders.
• Review recent research related to sexual orientation and how attitudes toward homosexuality have changed in recent years.
• Describe the four phases of the human sexual response cycle.

Answer 1

Answer:

1.   According to psychologists the motivation is the encouragement for anyone to achieve some taks or the goal and it includes some incentive in order to encourage people to do something desirable.

According to Maslow people faces five stages of needs that are important for the motivation of their behaviour. Maslow's five stage of need are:

• Physiological needs

• Safety

• Love & Social belonging

• Esteem

• Self-actualization

Self-esteem isn the over crucial development of personality of the individual. Feeling of achievement, adequacy is also necessary because it leads to recognition, appreciation and status in the society.

Colleges and schools allow individuals to develop competence and gain achievement because they provide students opportunities in the class and curricular activities.

It helps and supports the students to enhance their self-esteem by receiving recognition and achievements.

Hence, college and schools are very important for the overall personality development of individuals and also helps them to become effective leaders.

A leader plays an important role in leading people to success and enhances their productivity to an optimum level.

An extreme leader must contain qualities given below:

• High level of emotional intelligence, self-controlled, calm and Patient in extreme pressing and tense situations.

• Always tries to stay away from attention seekers and drama creating intoxicated people.

• Truth-seeker: an extreme leader always tries to find the truth behind the conflict and other issues.

• Enough. Outrageous to conquer fear.

• Self-awareness is one of the most important qualities of an extreme leader because only when the leader is self-aware he becomes able to perform at his full potential.

• Empathy to other and for self is very important.

• Creates perfect balance between fear and respect in the followers.

• Maintain and develop their credibility and reputation.

By understanding the five stages of needs people can develop their personality in order to become good leaders.

2.   Overeating or binge eating is becomes one of the major social due to the rapid increase the society.

Typical eating disorders in men are anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder

diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder(s) that would encompass the sorts of eating problems to which men are prone:

• Recurrent episodes of binge eating.

• Overeating.

• Continuous eating until reached to uncomfortable conditions

• Overeating without any hunger sensation.

• feeling depressed and guilty after overeating.

some of the cognitive, emotional, biological, and psychosocial factors behind men’s disordered eating are:

1. The lower level of self-esteem

2. Separation of parents

3. BMI problems(high or low)

4. Peer group pressure

5. Psychological disorders

6. Social group pressure

Effective actions for someone suffering from these disorders can take to moderate their behaviours are given below:

Planning for meals.   

Put snake like potato chips, chocolates, cookies etc. Hard to reach places like the basement or high places.

change snacks with fruit slices.

Put healthy food at the front door of the refrigerator in order to make them more accessible.

Use the small size of dishes and bowls.

Avoid stress and tension.

Overeating not only affected the person but also adversely affect family and society. Due to the overeating, people may face many health issues like diabetes,limited movement, inferiority complex, social discrimination, stereotyping etc

Individual facing the side effects of overeating became unable to do daily tasks and becomes a problem to his family and society.

In the Christianity overeating is a sin.

According to the Bible: ‘For the heavy drinker and the glutton will come to poverty’ (Proverbs 23:21).

If one follows the Bible and tries to stop the binge eating.problem of binge eating may be reduced.

3.   In general terms, sex is defined as the genetically and biologically dissimilarity between female and males on the basis of genitalia and genetic structure. One the other hand gender can be defined as the role of male and females in the system. It is known as a general identity.

Immigrants bring their culture, customs, and traditions with them.Thare is significant differences between gender roles of African American, Latinos and Asian American. For example, Latinos and African American woman are bolder and Frank than Asian American women (generally) due to cultural influence on them.

Culture's surrounding influence the expectancy of people living within it.

Because it not only form the structure of society but also make the perception of people about sexual behaviour and orientation, life, death, illness, health, diseases etc.

Cultural surrounding plays an important role in the development of sexual behaviour and orientation.

It affects any society by influencing cultural beliefs and norms. Due to cultural surrounding food, clothing, living, behaviour etc of people are decided.

Hence, its impacts are vast in any society.

Cultural perspective influences the development of sexual behaviour because the cultural surrounding of an individual shapes the perception of his/her identity. For example, the woman of Western countries like U.S, England, France etc is more Frank and independent in comparison to women of the Middle East and Indian subcontinent due to their cultural surrounding.

4:

In article 2 of the universal declaration of Universal human rights states that it is the right of every human to live with freedom without any discrimination rights of LGBT are comes under it.

In 2011 Mr.Ban Ki-moon addressed people to stand up against discrimination against LGBTs and advocates their rights.

In many religions including Christianity the same-sex marriage is sinful and prohibited.this taboo put a great impact on creating the particular thought against LGBTs.

Same-sex marriage is condemned in Christianity as well as many religions like Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism etc.

According to the Bible in Genesis 19 it is denoted as sodomite or sodomy. It is sinful and unnatural for many traditional Christians.

According to my views, same-sex marriage is not sinful because there is much sexual orientation besides male and female and people are free to marry with each other without any restriction and they are protected by laws.

Many countries like U.S, U.K, India, Germany etc allow the gay marriage.

In 2015 the Supreme Court of the United States rules that people of the same sex have a constitutional right to get married.

In the universal human rights states that every human has the right to live with freedom and dig it without any discrimination. They have the right to chose whoever they want to live and marry.

These rights also include the rights of LGBTs and protests them to the sexual orientation-based discrimination.

But implementation if these rights are very difficult because many middle eastern, Asian and African countries deny to protect tthe rights of lgbts and they are suffering social and sexual orientational discrimination.

5:

There are four phases of sex response cycle:

Excitement

The plateau

The orgasm

The resolution.

Timing for each phase is different for men and women.