3. The Belgian Blue cattle is a bovine species whose genome has been genetically honed for a faulty myostatin gene that is responsible for enormous bulk muscling. This defect was carefully passed on through rounds of intentional mating between Belgian Blues with the myostatin gene in a process best described as:
a. transgenesis
b. genetic modification
c. selective breeding
d. natural selection
e. gene amplification
4. TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9, and Zinc Finger Nucleases are all examples of:
a. genome editing techniques
b. gene insertion techniques that rely on the creation of double-stranded DNA breaks at specific restriction endonuclease sites
c. repair dsDNA breaks using nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR)
d. a and b only
e. all the above
5. In the early 1990s, papaya was modified with transgenes from papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) in order to express the coat protein of PRSV. As a result, these new transgenic papaya species were no longer susceptible to PRSV. This illustrates an example of genetic engineering to confer:
a. antibiotic resistance
b. parasite-derived resistance
c. insecticide resistance
d. herbicide resistance
e. “deep state” resistance
6. Most (over 50%) attempts at cloning animals fail even after the technological problems of cloning have been conquered due to:
a. large-offspring syndrome, in which cloned mammals often have abnormally large limbs, interior organs, and overall body size and as a result are generally unhealthy
b. complications in imprinting, the regulatory mechanism that activates only the maternal or paternal copy of a gene
c. methylation patterns in cloned embryos differ from natural embryos and can shut down eukaryotic genes that are not required in particular tissues or at particular stages of development
d. A and B only
e. All the above
3.
C. Selective breeding.
It is a process by which humans selectively breed animals or plants to get a desirable phenotype. Here in this case in order to pass the defect, they intentionally mated two Belgian Blues with the myostatin gene.
4
d. a and b only
TALENs - Transcription activator-like effector nucleases are endonucleases that are specially synthesized to cut specific sequences in the DNA. They are engineered by fusing a TAL effector DNA-binding domain to a DNA cleavage domain.
CRISPR/Cas9 - Unique technology used to remove, alter or add specific sequences in DNA. This technique is originally found in bacterias, in which the technique is used to protect the bacterias from viruses(bacteriophages).
Zinc finger nucleases - Artificial restriction enzymes, used to target specific DNA sequences.
5.
b. Parasite derived resistance
Papaya Ringspot Virus(PRSV) is a pathogenic plant virus that affects papaya. It belongs to the genus Potyvirus and family Potyviridae. In the experiment, the transgene responsible PRSV coat is transferred to the papaya plant. So the plant became resistant to PRSV. Thus it can be considered as a parasite-derived resistance.
6.
e. All of the above
Because of all these reasons, about 50% of the cloning experiments are failing. Not only these there are many other reasons due to which the experiments fail.
3. The Belgian Blue cattle is a bovine species whose genome has been genetically honed for...
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