Question

How are post-translational modifications modulated? (I think it's asking how they are regulated? I already know how they are carried out, lipidation, acetylation, methylation, etc.)

Answer 1

Post-translational modification is enzymatic modification of proteins followed by protein biosynthesis.

Post-translational modification involve processing a propeptide to a mature form by cleaving peptide bonds.

Ribosomes translates mRNA to polypeptide chains.
These chains then undergo post translational modification to form the mature protein.

These modifications are important factor in cell signaling and they can occur at amino acid side chains or at the protein's C and N terminal.

Some types of post-translational modification are result of oxidative stress.