Question

Specific Learning Objective: Develop a thorough knowledge base of Personality Theory by writing a research paper that compares 2 “Systems” that we have covered in the course, Paper must demonstrate the ability to use APA citation style in a near perfect manner. Provide APA references (minimum of 2, preferably 4-6)
The use of references should show your ability to find appropriate journal articles that support your presentation of each theory.

Example
Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud) and Behavior Therapy (BF Skinner)

Psychoanalytic Theory (Major Tenets concerning Treatment)
View of Human Nature
How Disorders Develop
How Does Treatment Work

Behavior Therapy (Major Tenets concerning Treatment)
View of Human Nature
How Disorders Develop
How Does Treatment Work
How Disorders Develop

How Does Treatment Work :
Similarities of the 2 Approaches
Differences of the 2 Approaches

Current Status of Theory (Prevalence among practitioners today)

Summary/Conclusions
VII. References

Answer 1

Pschoanalytic theory

According to pschoanalytic theory personality is made up of three ares of minds, id, ego and superego. Id craves to obtain immediate pleasure and is operated according to pleasure principle. Ego is the executive branch of personality and deal with external reality' and it is the rational master of reality. Ego uses cognitive ability to manage and control id.Super ego is the judicial part of our brain and strive for perfection.Super ego inhibits impulses from id, and also alter ego oreitation of realistic to moralistic.According to freud healthy personality is when Id,Ego, and Super Ego works in harmony.When too much id is working the person will be selfish.,too much superego the person will ge rigid,moralistic and authoritarian. If a person is having weak ego he will fail to balance personal needs with social duties and obligations.

According to Freud human mind has three levels of consciousness.

!.conscious- all present events we are aware of at a particular moment. and it is the part of our mind with which we connect to reality. eg watching tv, readind book, playing game etc

2. precoscious or sub conscious mind - It is just below consciousness. store house of easily accessable memories. , It includes hidden or forgotten memories ,that can be memorised if we make a deliberate effort.

3. unconscious mind- It is the deepest part of the mind.It cotains our repressed thoughts, fears the experiences in our that we have forgotten,etc, the contents in unconscious mind come out in disguised forms such as dreams, slip of tounge, fantasies , neurotic symptoms etc.

It can produce psychological disturbances such as conversion,hysteria, loss of speech, hearing or sight, muscular paralysis etc.

According to Freud a person progress through different psycho sexual stages such as oral stage, anal stage ,latency stage and genital stage.Each stage represents fixation of sexual drives or insticts on different ares of the body

.In oral stage pleasure is derived from sucking,. Much oral satisfaction leads the person to become over optimisticand extreme dependent.In anal stage the infant derives pleasure from bowel movements .Who withhold  anal activities will be excessively neat.stubborn and compulsive in future.Anal expulsive may become cruel,or overgenerousor disorderly.In phallic , latency and genital stages ,in phallic stage attention is on genital organs,. in latancy period childs sexual drives remain inactive nad focuses on games schooling etc.In genital stage again child focus shift to genitals and starts frienships with opposite sex.

Here Freud in giving overemphasis on sexuality.

Techniques of treatment mainly used in psychoanalysis are Dream analysis, and Freeassociation

In Behavioristic theory accoding to Skinner the possibility of reward causes an increase in behavior anhd at the same time operant conditioning can be used to decrease behavior.Some key concepts in operant conditioning are

Reinfocement is any event that srengthens or increases the behavior. two kinds of reinforcing ,. Positive reinforcing and negative reinforcing. In positive reinforcing favorable events or results are presented after the behavior is exhibited inorder to strenthen the behavior. It can be a verbal praise or a tangible reward or gift. In negative reinforcement , an unfavourable event or outcome is removed after displaying the desired behavior. In such conditions a respose is also strnthened by rmoving something unpleasant. in both cases the resullt is same a desired behavior is strengthened.

Punishment on the other hand is on the undesired behavior is weakened.two types of punishment. negative punishment in which presentation of unfavourable event or outcome weaken the behavior, in negative punishment, removal of a favourable event or result will also decrese the undesired behavior,.Eg denying toys as punishment.

The similarities between Psychodynamic and behaviorism is both theories evolved from unique social and intellectual ideas.The two theories are deterministic in nature.

Differences

In psychoanalysis behavior is shaped by series of psychological stages and part of our mind ..It is unscientific in nature.Interpretation is subjective. Behavior depends on innate drives and conflicts.

Iin behaviorism conditioning .reinforcement and punishments shapes our behavior. it is scientific in nature,.Give prominance to external behavior.In Aversion therapy is a behaviristic therapy