Summarize the molecular challenges that viruses must overcome in order to replicate within their hosts.
Viral infection involves the incorporation of viral DNA into a host cell, replication of that material, and the release of the new viruses.
A virus attaches to a specific receptor site on the host cell membrane through attachment proteins in the capsid or via glycoproteins embedded in the viral envelope. The specificity of this interaction determines the host (and the cells within the host) that can be infected by a particular virus. This can be illustrated by thinking of several keys and several locks where each key will fit only one specific lock.
The nucleic acid of bacteriophages enters the host cell naked, leaving the capsid outside the cell. Plant and animal viruses can enter through endocytosis, in which the cell membrane surrounds and engulfs the entire virus. Some enveloped viruses enter the cell when the viral envelope fuses directly with the cell membrane. Once inside the cell, the viral capsid is degraded and the viral nucleic acid is released, which then becomes available for replication and transcription
The replication mechanism depends on the viral genome. DNA viruses usually use host cell proteins and enzymes to make additional DNA that is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then used to direct protein synthesis. RNA viruses usually use the RNA core as a template for synthesis of viral genomic RNA and mRNA. The viral mRNA directs the host cell to synthesize viral enzymes and capsid proteins, and to assemble new virions. Of course, there are exceptions to this pattern. If a host cell does not provide the enzymes necessary for viral replication, viral genes supply the information to direct synthesis of the missing proteins. Retroviruses, such as HIV, have an RNA genome that must be reverse transcribed into DNA, which then is incorporated into the host cell genome.
The last stage of viral replication is the release of the new virions produced in the host organism. They are then able to infect adjacent cells and repeat the replication cycle.
Summarize the molecular challenges that viruses must overcome in order to replicate within their hosts.
Which viruses must have a gene for a viral RNA polymerase in order to replicate? (Circle all that apply) (+) ssRNA viruses dsDNA viruses SSDNA viruses Θ ssRNA viruses Which viruses must have a gene for a viral RNA polymerase in order to replicate? (Circle all that apply) (+) ssRNA viruses dsDNA viruses SSDNA viruses Θ ssRNA viruses
In order to replicate RNA viruses such as COVID19 must first be converted to DNA. What viral enzyme would be an attractive drug target to inhibit this step? A. COVID spike protein B. RNase C. DNA polymerase D. Reverse Transcriptase.
A pump station must fill a 15-million-gallon tank within 10 hours. The pump must overcome a total head of 115 feet (this include both elevation head and friction). Assume the pump and motor efficiency are 0.75 and 0.90, respectively. Water temperature is 80°F. Assume the cost of electricity is $0.22/(kW-h). What is the yearly cost to operate the pump station? Round your answer to the nearest whole dollar. (Conversion factor: 1 horsepower = 745.7 W)
A pump station must fill a 15-million-gallon tank within 10 hours. The pump must overcome a total head of 115 feet (this include both elevation head and friction). Assume the pump and motor efficiency are 0.75 and 0.90, respectively. Water temperature is 80 °F. Assume the cost of electricity is $0.22/(kW-h). What is the yearly cost to operate the pump station? Round your answer to the nearest whole dollar. (Conversion factor: 1 horsepower = 745.7 W)
In order to be accepted into a top-level university, applicants must score within the top 10% on an entrance exam. Given that scores on the exam have an approximate normal distribution with a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 11, what is the lowest possible score (rounded to the closest integer) a student needs in order to qualify for acceptance into this university?
Describe the process of Prokaryotic RNA transcription in molecular detail You must be able to describe the process and order of events in initiation, elongation, and termination. You must describe the catalytic/biological purpose function of the key proteins/elements in elongation -35 and -10 (Pribnow box) Promoters Sigma factors (does not matter which one) RNA Polymerase (including structure and subunits and mechanism) Rho-independent and rho-dependent termination How sequence composition affects promoter function
Reschedule (i.e., re-order) the instructions within the loop to improve performance. The loop must still produce the same results. Show timing of this MIPS instruction sequence through the pipeline, for two iterations of the loop. Show all stalls clearly, and mark with arrows all cases where forwarding takes place, as in our lectures. loop: lw $t0, 0($s0) lw $t1, 4($s0) add $t0, $t1, $t0 sw $t0, 0($s1) addi $s0, $s0, 8 addi $s1, $s1, 4 bne $s0, $s5, loop
need help with this .. From the pages 571-587 attached below. 1a) Suppose a population of guppies was infected with a parasite. In that population a mutation results in a parasite resistant genotype that spreads through the population through natural selection. A subsequent mutation in the parasite results in a genotype that is unaffected by the newly evolved resistant guppy genotype. What is the name of the hypothesis that explains this host parasite “arms race”.? 1b) What is this name...