explain the biosynthesis, synthesis and pharmacokinetics of artemisinin
Pharmacokinetics of Artemisinin: Various compounds of the artemisinin family are currently used for the treatment of patients with malaria worldwide. They are characterised by a short half-life and feature the most rapidly acting antimalarial drugs to date. They are increasingly being used, often in combination with other drugs, although our knowledge of their main pharmacological features (including their absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) is still incomplete. Such data are particularly important in the case of combinations. Artemisinin derivatives are converted primarily, but to different extents, to the bioactive metabolite artenimol after either parenteral or gastrointestinal administration. The rate of conversion is lowest for artelinic acid (designed to protect the molecule against metabolism) and highest for the water-soluble artesunate. The absolute and relative bioavailability of these compounds has been established in animals, but not in humans, with the exception of artesunate. Oral bioavailability in animals ranges, approximately, between 19 and 35%. A first-pass effect is highly probably for all compounds when administered orally. Artemisinin compounds bind selectively to malaria-infected erythrocytes to yet unidentified targets. They also bind modestly to human plasma proteins, ranging from 43% for artenimol to 81.5% for artelinic acid. Their mode of action is still not completely understood, although different theories have been proposed. The lipid-soluble artemether and artemotil are released slowly when administered intramuscularly because of the 'depot' effect related to the oil formulation. Understanding the pharmacokinetic profile of these 2 drugs helps us to explain the characteristics of the toxicity and neurotoxicity. The water-soluble artesunate is rapidly converted to artenimol at rates that vary with the route of administration, but the processes need to be characterised further, including the relative contribution of pH and enzymes in tissues, blood and liver. This paper intends to summarise contemporary knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of this class of compounds and highlight areas that need further research.
explain the biosynthesis, synthesis and pharmacokinetics of artemisinin
3. Draw an the mechanism showing how the glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase adds biosynthesis. 4. Aspartate is highly involved in the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines. Show the two steps where aspartate-derived nitrogen is added in the synthetic pathway leading to adenosine 5-monophosphate (AMP) 5. Show the steps where asparatate-derived nitrogen is added in the synthesis cytosine 5-monophosphate (CMP) 3. Draw an the mechanism showing how the glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase adds biosynthesis. 4. Aspartate is highly involved in the biosynthesis of purines and...
Sulfa drugs work on o ribosome biosynthesis o peptidoglycan biosynthesis o nucleic acid biosynthesis o folic acid biosynthesis o None of the choices are correct.
1. Explain the primary means for regulation of Cholesterol Biosynthesis Mode What is regulated Up or down regulated INSULIN GLUCAGON HIGH CYTOSOLIC CHOLESTEROL: LONG TERM 1 LONG TERM 2
40. How can inhibiting the activation of phospholipase A2 impact eicosanoid biosynthesis? Release of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2 is the first step in the pathway b. Drugs that inhibit phospholipase A2 stimulate the synthesis of eicosanoids c. Inhibiting phospholipase A2 could favor the synthesis of prostaglandins d. Inhibitors of phospholipase A2 can only block the synthesis of leukotriene's
Briefly explain how each of the following mechanisms of action inhibits or kills bacteria and give examples of each: Inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis Inhibition of protein synthesis Inhibition of membrane function. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis Inhibition of metabolic pathways Inhibition of ATP synthase
how does aging and smoking influence pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?
alpha-Ketoglutarate plays a central role in the biosynthesis of several amino acids. Write a sequence of enzymatic reactions that could results in the NET synthesis of alpha-ketoglutarate from pyruvate. You may use other cofactors as required (e.g. NADH, ATP). There is no need to show structures, but indicate the name of each intermediate, the name of the enzyme, and balance each reaction for cosubstrates and cofactors. Each of the carbons in your alpha-ketoglutarate product must have originated from pyruvate.
2) Use this intermediate in fatty acid synthesis ACP The synthesis of this intermediate required one molecule of malonyl CoA two molecules of malony CoA three molecules of malonyl COA four molecules of malony CoA five molecules of malonyl COA Not listed 7) The molecules shown below are intermediates found in one round of fatty acid synthesis after the condensation step. so ACP ACP Which round of fatty acid synthesis is occurring in the reactions shown? The intermediate above is...
See Hint In E. coli, eight enzymatic steps are involved in the biosynthesis of arginine from glutamate. The synthesis of the required enzymesis subject to control by the ArgD protein, which, on its own, binds weakly to a regulatory sequence just downstream of the promoter regions for these genes. Upon the addition of excess arginine to the growth medium, the respective mRNA molecules are no longer produced. What is the likely role of arginine in the control of these genes?...
the topic is based on non-linear pharmacokinetics, help me out pls