Question

Does dance reduce your chances of cognitive decline? A medical study reports a p value of...

Does dance reduce your chances of cognitive decline? A medical study reports a p value of 0.001. Are the following interpretations of the p-value valid or invalid?

1. The p-value is the probability of getting results as extreme or more extreme than the ones in this study if dance is actually not effective ___
a. valid
b. not valid

2. The p-value is the probability that dance is not effective ____
a. not valid
b. valid

3. The p-value is the probability that dance is effective ___
a. not valid
b. valid
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