Question

Not sure how to answer these immunology questions! Help!

1) An otherwise healthy person is involved in an accident that requires kidney transplantation within a week. As the attending immunologist you are aware of three family members (no identical twins) that are willing to donate a kidney. What would you do to prepare the patient to minimize rejection?1) Detail three tests you would use to determine your ultimate donor tissue. Outline the rational that you would use to choice your final choice.

2) You encounter a patient that has been found to have an inability to mount an immune response to bacterial infections other than IgM. Suppose the following are plausible issues: 1) The patient is lacking Macrophages able to present antigens to T Cells (ergo only getting a B-Cell response without T Cell activation) 2) The patient either lacks expression of CD 40 (B Cell) or CD 40L (T Cell) 3) A B cell mutation has occurred within the IgA gene. Come up with a plausible test to evaluate each condition and indicate what a result that would indicate the problem.

3) Explain the four types of Hypersensitivity, note effector cells and name one disease for each type describing the mechanism of that disease.

4) What is the structure of IgA antibody? What are the genetics behind this molecule and the steps taken that allow as few as three structural genes (which you should name and include) to produce the vast array of sequences possible to handle millions of different epitopes.

5) Outline the process for T-Cell tolerance. If this process eliminates all T-cell clones that potentially recognize self-antigens explain why is it that the antigens of Multiple Sclerosis activate TH2 cells with TCRs that recognize self-Mylian proteins? Explain this association.

6) Note how the immune system responds to a viral infection that is growing actively within liver cells. Note the critical cellular structures and proteins involved in this activation. How does the activated cell ultimately deal with these infected cells? Detail two defenses different families of viruses have developed as strategies to combat these defenses.

7) Follow the process of B Cell activation to IgG production starting from a soluble protein. Include in the question the roles of the cytokine IL-2, CD-40, TCR, BCR, and important co-activators.

8) Outline the strategies the immune system would use to eliminate: A) Bacterial infection that contains a foreign novel antigen that is eliminated by complement and B) A Tapeworm (A large internal parasite). Note important cells involved and the basic pathways without listing all of the involved proteins.

9) Explain the process and cells in the Inflammatory Process. Explain the process using an example 1) Where the process effectively eliminates a pathogen 2) An example where the process leads to cellular damage of the host.

10) Describe BASIC protocols for ELISA, Cell Counting, and Western Analysis noting the basic process and noting important molecules used and what they are used to analyze.

Answer 1

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The transplant of a graft from one species to a different non-identical member of the same species is called allograft. The donor and the recipient differ in MHC loci, also known as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigen. It is highly unlikely that the donor and recipient will have an identical HLA antigen combination.

To minimize the chance for rejection, it is required to give the patient immunosuppressant post-transplant because, during that time, the risk is highest.

The tests that would be carried out to find out the most appropriate donor tissue are:

1. HLA matching test: The degree of HLA matching greatly impacts the future risks of rejection and survival of the graft in the patient.

2. Panel Reactive Antibody (PRA) test: It is the estimation of HLA antibodies that have been already preformed in the recipient against a possible donor pool. If the PRA is high, it would mean that there will be a high risk of rejection of the graft even if the donor-specific antibodies are absent.

3. Donor Specific Antibodies (DSA) test: It is the test to check the presence of antibodies against the donor HLA antigens that may be present in the recipient.

Out of the three family members, the one to be chosen would be the one who would have the minimum DSA and PRA and the maximum HLA matches with the recipient.