which citric acid cycle intermediates are able to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?
Homework Answers
The citric acid cycle intermediates that can cross the inner mitochondrial membrane are :
a) Citrate : As acetyl Coenzyme A cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane and to obtain cytosolic acetyl CoA citrate from the citric acid cycle is carried through the inner mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol.
b) Malate - this crosses the inner mitochondrial membrane where malate undergo oxidation and regenerate oxaloacetate. Thus malate-aspartate pathway takes place.
c) alpha ketoglutarate : These can cross the inner mitochondrial membrane and undergo reverse transamination to form oxaloacetate and glutamate are regenerated through aspartate-glutamate shuttle in order to continue the citric acid cycle in the cytosol.
d) Fumarate, succinate and malate : Dicarboxylate carrier helps in transport of these molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane from mitochondria in exchange with the inorganic phosphate
whereas tricarboxylate carrier helps in transport of citrate, isocitrate, alpha ketoglutarate and hydrogen ions in exchange for malate.
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which citric acid cycle intermediates are able to cross the inner
mitochondrial membrane?
1. If the inner mitochondrial membrane were rendered as permeable as the outer membrane, how would...
1. If the inner mitochondrial membrane were rendered as permeable as the outer membrane, how would that affect oxidative phosphorylation? Which specific processes would stop and which remain? 2. Present two types of benefits derived from separating the reactions of glycolysis in the cytosol from those that occur during the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion
The electron transport chain consists of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it...
The electron transport chain consists of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it generat a proton gradient by a series of oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. Although all of the stages of cellular respiration (glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain) are necessary for life, the electron transport chain is sometimes called the most important stage. First complete the sentence, then answer the question. The electron transport chain uses the transfer of protons between protein...
Complete the sentences to explain why long chain fatty acids cannot pass the mitochondrial membrane via...
Complete the sentences to explain why long chain fatty
acids cannot pass the mitochondrial membrane via diffusion, and the
mechanism by which the cells transport them.
duction of Energy via Fatty Acid Oxidation CPT II mitochondrial matrix large CPT I inner mitochondrial Long-chain fatty acids have an alkyl chain of more than 10 carbon atoms. Fatty acids with alkyl chains of this length are characterized as size. This length decreases their ability to cross the lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial...
1.What process occurs within the inner mitochondrial membrane? a.electron transport chain b.gluconeogenesis c.glycogenesis d.glycolysis e.Krebs cycle...
1.What process occurs within the inner mitochondrial membrane? a.electron transport chain b.gluconeogenesis c.glycogenesis d.glycolysis e.Krebs cycle 2.Acetyl CoA is the initial substrate in what linking step of metabolism? a.gluconeogenesis b.glycolysis c.Krebs cycle d.electron transport chain e.glycogenesis 3.Which stage of glucose oxidation begins with a 6-carbon molecule and splits it into two 3-carbon molecules? a.the "linking step" b.the electron transport chain c.the Krebs cycle d.glycolysis
Energy depletion in the cell of bacteria or the accumulation of the intermediates of the citric acid cycle and glycolysis leads to:
Energy depletion in the cell of bacteria or the accumulation of the intermediates of the citric acid cycle and glycolysis leads to:A. activation of isocitrate lyaseB. activation of protein kinase acting on isocitrate dehydrogenaseC. inactivation of the protein phosphatase acting on the isocitrate dehydrogenaseD. dephosphorylation of the isocitrate dehydrogenaseE. activation of citrate synthase
Problem 14.21 - Enhanced - with Solution 19 of 19 Assuming a membrane potential across the inner ...
Problem 14.21 - Enhanced - with Solution 19 of 19 Assuming a membrane potential across the inner membrane of 177 mV (inside negative), calculate the ratio of the [Ca2 matrix to that in the cytoplasm(Cthat would exist at equilibrium (i.e, AG 0) Express your answer using two significant figures. in the ReviewI Constants Periodic Table Calcium is an important regulator of the citric acid cycle. Calcium is transported across the mitochondrial inner membrane by the negative potential inside the matrix....
Be able to label any and all steps in: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative...
Be able to label any and all steps in: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Including (but not limited to): names of compounds, enzymes (for extra credit where stated), ATP produced, NADH and FADH2 produced, and the role or importance of main molecules. **Note: this is really three questions in one. Therefore, know how to label the sequences in 1. Glycolysis 2. The citric acid cycle and 3. Oxidative phosphorylation .
3. The energy difference for protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane is given by: AG 2.30...
3. The energy difference for protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane is given by: AG 2.303RT x log Hout + 2A Hin How would this equation be modified by the following conditions? a. If protons were uncharged species b. If the inner mitochondrial membrane was freely permeable to ions other than protons. c. If the equation was written as a function of pH.
3. The energy difference for protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane is given by: AG 2.303RT x...
Fatty acid oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. However, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA molecules cannot cross...
Fatty acid oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. However, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA molecules cannot cross the inner membrane to enter the matrix. The carnitine shuttle system transfers the acyl group from CoA to carnitine, which can enter the mitochondrial matrix.
Label the enzymes and compounds of the carnitine shuttle system. The following enzyme abbreviations are used: carnitine acyltransferase I, CAT1; mitochondrial carnitine acyltransferase II, CAT2; and carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (carnitine carrier protein), CAT.
1. DNP (dinitrophenol) is an uncoupler, a toxin which creates holes in the inner mitochondrial membrane....
1. DNP (dinitrophenol) is an uncoupler, a toxin which creates holes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. How would this molecule affect metabolism in a cell? 2. Many people die each year from ingesting automotive antifreeze, which contains ethylene glycol. In the body, alcohol dehydrogenase converts the ethylene glycol into oxalic acid which crystalizes and severely damages the kidneys. Ethanol is given to patients with antifreeze poisoning. What function do you think ethanol might have in the reaction? 3. Sickle-cell anemia...
1. If the inner mitochondrial membrane were rendered as permeable as the outer membrane, how would that affect oxidative phosphorylation? Which specific processes would stop and which remain? 2. Present two types of benefits derived from separating the reactions of glycolysis in the cytosol from those that occur during the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion
The electron transport chain consists of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it generat a proton gradient by a series of oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. Although all of the stages of cellular respiration (glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain) are necessary for life, the electron transport chain is sometimes called the most important stage. First complete the sentence, then answer the question. The electron transport chain uses the transfer of protons between protein...
Complete the sentences to explain why long chain fatty
acids cannot pass the mitochondrial membrane via diffusion, and the
mechanism by which the cells transport them.
duction of Energy via Fatty Acid Oxidation CPT II mitochondrial matrix large CPT I inner mitochondrial Long-chain fatty acids have an alkyl chain of more than 10 carbon atoms. Fatty acids with alkyl chains of this length are characterized as size. This length decreases their ability to cross the lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial...
Problem 14.21 - Enhanced - with Solution 19 of 19 Assuming a membrane potential across the inner membrane of 177 mV (inside negative), calculate the ratio of the [Ca2 matrix to that in the cytoplasm(Cthat would exist at equilibrium (i.e, AG 0) Express your answer using two significant figures. in the ReviewI Constants Periodic Table Calcium is an important regulator of the citric acid cycle. Calcium is transported across the mitochondrial inner membrane by the negative potential inside the matrix....
3. The energy difference for protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane is given by: AG 2.303RT x log Hout + 2A Hin How would this equation be modified by the following conditions? a. If protons were uncharged species b. If the inner mitochondrial membrane was freely permeable to ions other than protons. c. If the equation was written as a function of pH.
3. The energy difference for protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane is given by: AG 2.303RT x...
Fatty acid oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. However, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA molecules cannot cross the inner membrane to enter the matrix. The carnitine shuttle system transfers the acyl group from CoA to carnitine, which can enter the mitochondrial matrix.
Label the enzymes and compounds of the carnitine shuttle system. The following enzyme abbreviations are used: carnitine acyltransferase I, CAT1; mitochondrial carnitine acyltransferase II, CAT2; and carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (carnitine carrier protein), CAT.
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