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duction of Energy via Fatty Acid Oxidation CPT II mitochondrial matrix large CPT I inner mitochondrial Long-chain fatty acids have an alkyl chain of more than 10 carbon atoms. Fatty acids with alkyl chains of this length are characterized as size. This length decreases their ability to cross the lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial membrane. As a result, such fatty acids are activated in the cytoplasm by molecule, fatty acyl-CoA is still too system involving carnitine is required for this transport to occur in terms of polarity and in terms of However, the resulting to cross the membrane. Therefore, a protein membrane nonpolar small polar translocase outer mitochondrial This system consists of enzymes (located in the outer mitochondrial membrane) and located in the inner mitochondrial membrane) which are responsible for the conjugation of the fatty acyl-CoA with carnitine and the delivery of the resulting molecule into the The purpose of such a mechanism is that the carnitine molecule is coenzyme A but is classified as When a fatty acyl group is transferred to carnitine, the conjugate molecule passes into the intermembrane space via the pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane and the inner membrane is crossed with the help of in size compared to membrane which gives it the ability to pass the lipid bilayer acyl-CoA synthetase

Complete the sentences to explain why long chain fatty acids cannot pass the mitochondrial membrane via diffusion, and the mechanism by which the cells transport them.

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Long-chain fatty acids have an alkyl chain of more than 10 carbon atoms. Fatty acids with alkyl chains of this length are characterized as nonpolar in terms of polarity and large in terms of size. This length decreases their ability to cross the lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial membrane. As a result, such fatty acids are activated in the cytoplasm by acyl CoA synthetase. However, the resulting molecule, fatty acyl-CoA, is still too large to cross the membrane. Therefore, a protein system involving carnitine is required for this transport to occur.

This system consists of enzymes CPT I (located in the outer mitochondrial membrane) and CPT II (located in the inner mitochondrial membrane), which are responsible for the conjugation of the fatty acyl-CoA with carnitine and the delivery of the resulting molecule into the mitochondrial matrix .

The purpose of such a mechanism is that the carnitine molecule is small in size compared to coenzyme A but is classified as polar , which gives it the ability to pass the lipid bilayer. When a fatty acyl group is transferred to carnitine, the conjugate molecule passes into the intermembrane space via the pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane and the inner membrane is crossed with the help of translocase .

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