Question

I need info about ( In-situ and ex-situ integration of room temperature and thermal plasma for 3D printed biocompatible materials )

Answer 1

Answer:

In-situ and ex-situ integration of room temperature-

In Situ Conservation Methods

In-situ conservation, the conservation of species in their natural habitats, is considered the most appropriate way of conserving biodiversity.

Conserving the areas where populations of species exist naturally is an underlying condition for the conservation of biodiversity. That's why protected areas form a central element of any national strategy to conserve biodiversity.  

Ex Situ Conservation Methods

Ex-situ conservation is the preservation of components of biological diversity outside their natural habitats. This involves conservation of genetic resources, as well as wild and cultivated or species, and draws on a diverse body of techniques and facilities.

The room-temperature formation of bismuth oxycarbonate (Bi₂O₂CO₃) from Bi₂O₃ in sodium carbonate buffer was investigated with in situ powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) in combination with electron microscopy and vibrational spectroscopy. Time-resolved PXRD measurements indicate a pronounced and rather complex pH dependence of the reaction mechanism. Bi₂O₂CO₃ formation proceeds within a narrow window between pH 8 and 10 via different mechanisms. Although a zero-dimensional nucleation model prevails around pH 8, higher pH values induce a change toward a diffusion-controlled model, followed by a transition to regular nucleation kinetics. Ex situ synthetic and spectroscopic studies confirm these trends and demonstrate that in situ monitoring affords vital parameter information for the controlled fabrication of Bi₂O₂CO₃ materials. Furthermore, the β → α bismuth oxide transformation temperatures of Bi₂O₂CO₃ precursors obtained from different synthetic routes differ notably (by min 50 °C) from commercially available bismuth oxide. Parameter studies suggest a stabilizing role of surface carbonate ions in the as-synthesized bismuth oxide sources. Our results reveal the crucial role of multiple preparative history parameters, especially of pH value and source materials, for the controlled access to bismuth oxide-based catalysts and related functional compounds.

Thermal plasma for 3D printed biocompatible materials :

Some previous applications of plasmas in the medicine industry were mainly on the basis of its thermal effects. It has been decades since the clinical use of thermal plasma, in which plasma is applied in for cauterization as well as blood coagulation, as exemplified in the argon plasma coagulator. In the early and mid-1990s, with the development in the generation of plasma with low temperature, large volume, and atmospheric pressure, most plasma applications in the medicine industry were related to the more gentle and non-thermal effects for simple and convenient use.

In 1996, the sterilization effects of cold plasma were demonstrated. Since then, the medical and biological applications of cold plasma have attracted increasing attention. Based on the potential use of plasmas in soldiers’ wounds treatment and sterilization of abiotic and biotic surfaces, in 1997, a proof of principle research program was financially supported by the Physics and Electronics Directorate of the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), which lasted for over 10 years. In the meantime, comparable studies carried out in Russia indicated that nitric oxide (NO) generated by plasma is of paramount importance in enhancing phagocytosis and speeding up the proliferation of fibroblasts . This was referred to as “plasmadynamic therapy” of wounds by Russian researchers and was demonstrated in experiments both in vivo and in vitro . In 2002 and 2004, researchers from the Netherlands identified the non-aggressiveness of the plasma, which could be applied to detach mammalian cells without leading to necrosis, and they found that in some conditions, low-temperature plasma can result in apoptosis (programmed cell death).

The aforementioned early breakthroughs in plasma studies by researchers paved the way for a nascent multidisciplinary field of study: the biomedical use of plasma at low temperature. By 2007, the International Conference on Plasma Medicine (ICPM), which was the first conference devoted to plasma medicine, was established and held every 2 years. In addition, the first workshop entirely committed to the applications of low-temperature plasma (LTP) in tumorous diseases, the International Workshop on Plasma for Cancer Treatment (IWPCT), was founded in 2014, indicating the biomedical applications development of LTP, and a nascent field of study known today as “plasma medicine” was gradually formed, which mainly focused on the interaction between LTP and biological tissues, cells, and systems.

Basic knowledge on biological plasma effects

Plasma that lends itself to biomedical applications is mostly created in the open air. A number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), like O, OH, O₂⁻, O₂ (¹Δ), NO, and H₂O₂ (Fig. 4), are produced by the reaction of a small quantity of H₂O, O₂, and N₂ with excited-state species, ions, and electrons in the plasma in the air. RNS and ROS are of importance in oxidation and reduction biochemistry in many living organisms with significant biological implications . A previous publication by Yan et al. in 2012 reported that plasma treatment could lead to ROS and NO accumulation both intracellularly and extracellularly, which demonstrated a direct relationship between plasma physics and biology, as well as medicine . Based on the biomedical interactions of ROS and RNS from plasma, plasma medicine covers a number of applications of LTP in medicine and biology, including sterilization, plasma-aided wound healing, plasma dentistry, plasma pharmacology, plasma oncology, and plasma treatment for implants to enhance biocompatibility. In the next section, the applications of plasma in neuro-protection, differentiation of neural stem cells, and tumors, particularly the glioma, will be summarized.

plasma medicine is a multidisciplinary field of study, coupling plasma physics, medicine, biology, plasma chemistry, and engineering, grown from studies in the application of atmospheric plasmas under low-temperature (or cold) in biomedicine. The current review summarized some applications of plasma medicine in neuroscience, especially in anti-glioblastoma, neuro-differentiation, and neuroprotection, based on the biological production of RNS and ROS in response to plasma emissions. In future studies, identifying key plasma-generated ROS/RNS and tracking their influence on different cells in the brain and even on neoplastic cells will be of growing importance. Issues like the origin of these species, their transportation to and within cells, what reactions are involved in these processes, and ultimately, how their effects permeate other cells will be of vital importance to be studied in the future. The current level of studies suffices to prove that plasmas can (eventually) achieve special use in the CNS in direct molecular transportation of medical substances. By controlling the parameters, plasmas may ultimately be able to produce specific species that propagate into the cellular tissues and cause the desired biological and medical effects.