Question

1. Discuss nutritional deficiency, such as Kwashiorkor. How would it or an iodine deficiency during infancy and toddlerhood affect the development of the child

2. What are examples of brain development taking place during infancy and toddlerhood

plz Separate each question out so I understand what question is that thank you

Answer 1

Ans

1 Protein is an important part of our diet, it helps to repair cells and make new cells, with the help of protein the body regenerate the cells constantly, thus it is very useful in body growth, if the body does not get required amount of protein, it affects the growth and normal body functions, and person get effected by kwashiorkor. A pregnant woman requires also require protein for the healthy fetus

If the person does not get enough protein in their diet the body shows abnormality in their appearance, the ankles, feet, and belly, gets swollen with fluid. The skin color and texture changes it becomes rusty, the person suffers from diarrhea, fatigue, it affects the growth and produces rash all over the body. The growth of the child gets effected and sometimes if not treated in time the child may suffer from muscle breakdown, the internal organs like kidney failure, permanent mental and physical disorders, it can lead to death.

The children who are in the poor country or where the food supply is less suffer from malnutrition giving rise the lack or shortage of protein supply subsequently leading to kwashiorkor, and if not treated in time it can prove fatal.

The body requires a very moderate amount of protein it is 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. One can get protein from eggs, dairy products, meat, fish, white meat, green leafy vegetables, sweet potatoes, etc.

The iodine is an essential part of our diet; a pregnant woman requires 220cmg of protein in her daily diet because the iodine is required for the development of the brain during fetal and early postnatal life.

Iodine is essential for the proper functioning of our body it helps in the proper functioning of thyroid; the thyroid is connected to body growth. If Iodine requirements are not met the body suffer from Iodine deficiency, the effect of Iodine deficiency(IDD) directly affect the thyroid glands it is important for metabolism, growth, and development of the human body by releasing thyroid hormones into our blood. Thyroid glands are the only glands that absorb iodine from our food. The thyroid glands take iodine from our food and produce Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4), it helps in the metabolism of our body.

When the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are reduced the pituitary glands produces Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) that stimulates the thyroid glands to produce more hormones. With the IDD the development of the brain may slow down resulting in brain damage or irreversible brain damage it affects muscle, heart, liver, kidney, it leads to enlargement of the thyroid gland known as endemic goiter. The iodine is available in Iodized salt, plants grown in iodine-rich soil, seafood, and dairy products. The high intake of iodine also affect the body by reducing the function of the thyroid gland The intake of iodine depends upon age, gender, and other factors, adolescents adults and older require150 mcg/day of iodine.

Ans

2. The child's brain starts developing in the fetus itself, the development of the brain before birth depends upon the lifestyle of the mother, her food intake and genes.

The human brain can be divided into three parts these are cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, beginning with the birth till the age of 3 the child's brain undergoes tremendous changes, The size of the brain doubles in the first year and by the time the child is 3 years of age the size of the brain reaches 80 percent of an adult brain, synapses( the passing of message between neurons at connections) are at a higher rate, the brain develops more synapses that eventually get eliminated during adolescent and adulthood.

The early development of the brain depends upon the genetic as well as environmental factors, and the child's relationship, as the messages are sent to the brain about the child's experiences and environment it stimulates the neural activity, like language-related brain regions with the increase in input more synapses between neurons, will be activated, by the month of three the infant starts recognizing.

The child starts learning the language by hearing and observation. By the age of two the child shows a sudden spike in language abilities, with the increase in the rate of myelination, the child becomes more aware of his emotions and intentions. By the age of three the child is able to speak and make sentences, he starts understanding the environment and relationships, develops more cognitive flexibility.