Question

1. Describe the 3 layers of pericardium.

2. Trace a drop of blood thru the heart.

3. Explain how pressure changes influence valve positions for both AV valves and SL valves.

4. Define a pacemaker potential. How does it relate to an action potential for the intrinsic conduction

system?

5. Follow the intrinsic conduction pathway and describe how the remaining 99% of the cardiac cells are

stimulated. How is the action potential in the intrinsic cells different from the action potential in the

contractile cells?

6. Define isovolumetric contraction and isovolumetric relaxation. How do these phases correspond to the

EKG? Describe ventricular volume during each of these phases.

7. Be able to define and calculate: CO, SV, PP, and MAP.

8. What is the effect of preload, contractility, and afterload on stroke volume?

9. What is the functional difference between continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal capillaries? Where

would each type be found within the body?

10. What is a vascular shunt and when would it be used?

11. Diagram the short-term vascular response to increased (or decreased) P in an artery. Diagram the

short-term vascular response to decreased pH (or increased CO2 or significantly decreased oxygen) in

an artery. ALSO - how would these stimuli effect HR and CO?

12. Explain both direct and indirect renal regulation.

13. What is the function for: erythrocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and

platelets?

14. How is the body able to stop blood loss? (Include an explanation for vascular spasm, platelet plug

formation, and the 3 steps of coagulation.)

15. Compare and contrast the ABO blood groups with the Rh blood group.

Answer 1

1. Three layers of pericardium and there brief description ins given in attached image file

2. Pathway of drop of blood in heart would be as below

3. Effect on Valves are given below

4. Pacemaker potential is explained below in image file

Since in this question there are two much questions are asked so i attempted first 4 answer Additionally for remaining one i am uploading these answers:-

6. Cardiac cycle with complete explanation

14. Coagulation pathway with plug formation and anti coagulation system

.8. effect of preload, contractelity and afterload

15.