List the techniques for achieving software portability.
Portability refers to the ability of a software to function in different environments.
One of the ways to achieve so is using a language which is machine independent.
For instance, JAVA and Python are machine independent as they are interpreted languages. Assume that you want to write a program for a particular app on x86 architecture. Now, assume that you write the program in C++. After a period of time you are told that the the software is supposed to be for x64 as well. In this case the whole program has to be recompiled in an x64 system and then has to be tested again.
This is not a problem with interpreted languages. They use a virtual machine environment for running the application and hence the codes are machine independent. Note that the virtual machine itself is machine dependent.
Using libraries for you software which are cross-platform supportive.
Take python for instance, For writing an a GUI module, one has to use the library called tkinter. The same code can be used in windows system, Linux system and MacOS and the tkinter GUI screen will take different forms as per the OS which makes it OS friendly.
Similarly, the kivy library allows you to write cross platform application which can work with android, windows and MAC, etc.
Know your target platform
It`s very important (but very difficult) for a developer to know what kind of platform will he need to deal with. Knowing this can be very helpful as this information can help developers create a layer of abstraction that can act as an interface between different platforms. But initially,this can be very difficult to achieve
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