(Ultra) Large-Scale Systems –Characteristics? explain in detail
How the nature of an enterprise affect complex system design?
explain in detail
How an enterprise culture affects system design? explain in
detail
How emergent property of an engineering systemchange enterprise
culture and business? explain in detail
Characteristics of a ULS
Let's start of with some semblance of a definition :-) What
constitutes a ULS system? Here are some characteristics given by
Scale Changes Everything:
The Web foreshadows the characteristics of ULS systems. Its
scale is much larger than that of any of today’s systems of
systems. Its development, oversight, and operational control are
decentralized. Its stakeholders have diverse, conflicting, complex,
and changing requirements. The services it provides undergo
continuous evolution. The actions of the people making use of the
Web influence what services are provided, and the services provided
influence the actions of people. It has been designed to avoid the
worst problems deriving from the heterogeneity of its elements and
to be insensitive to connection failures.
But ... Security was not given much attention in its original
design, and its use for purposes for which it was not initially
intended ... has revealed exploitable vulnerabilities ... And
although the Web is an important element of people’s work lives, it
is not as critical as a ULS ... system would be.
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Abstract
Ultra‐Large‐scale Systems (ULSS)1 are a major new challenge for systems and software engineering. Current engineering practice is ahead of the science — we are building systems we do not know how to characterise or analyse, and whose behaviour we cannot fully predict. ULS are characterised by complexity, dominated by emergence, and exist in a state of constant reconfiguration and evolution; all of which make untenable a reductionist approach to engineering and a “closed system” approach to specification and certification.
This paper recommends ten design principles and five design practices for ULS systems, drawing on known systems engineering practice and an understanding of how complexity science is applied in other domains. The paper offers practitioners a strategy and a practical approach to deal with ULS systems — or indeed any system that is larger scale and more complex than those they are accustomed to dealing with—and shows academics some possible routes to addressing the research challenges set out in the SEI report on ULS systems.
Design
Relevance to Design and Evolution. Fundamental to the design
and
evolution of ULS systems will be explicit attention to design
across logical,
spatial, physical, organizational, social, cognitive, economic, and
other
aspects of the system. Attention to design is also needed across
levels
of abstraction involving hardware and software and involving
procurers,
acquirers, producers, integrators, trainers, and users. A key area
of research
in design is therefore the need for Design of All Levels of ULS
systems.
Research in design includes formulating the architectural designs
of ULS
systems in terms of Design Spaces and Design Rules: design rules
that structure design artifacts and design spaces around which
decentralized
design activities—and even whole industry structures—may come to
be
organized. Design rules generalize from traditional interface
specifications
to structure design artifacts using a much broader concept of
constraints
that serve to regulate decentralized design processes, largely to
assure that
component parts will integrate into systems having specified
properties.
We need research on designing, representing, and analyzing design
spaces
and on the means by which design rules are created, validated, and
changed.
The overall design activity—in some cases carried out across entire
industry
sectors, including open-source projects, university projects, and
individual
contributions—then acts as a complex adaptive system, strongly
driven to
converge economically15 on, and to maintain, good designs. Today we
have
few tested theories or practices of designing ULS systems for
economic
value or of how to establish economic forces that promote good
design, such
as through new contracting and acquisition structures. We therefore
need
research on Harnessing Economics to Promote Good Design leading
to
a deeper understanding of how to organize designs and design
activities to
maximize value and on how to create economic conditions that
predictably
provide incentives to create and sustain valuable designs.
Operational ULS systems will also behave as complex adaptive
systems in
which feedback and control are essential to meet user and mission
objectives.
We therefore need research to understand how to decentralize design
activi-
ties so that they are responsive to feedback from deployed running
systems.
Since ULS systems will serve different classes of users with
distinct and
often conflicting interests, research is needed on Design
Representation and
Analysis and reconciliation of distinct and competing interests,
both offline
and online and at various levels up and down echelons.
Today’s large-scale systems are often characterized by attempts to
leverage
components that were not designed to work together or that are
inconsistent
with the design rules of the system architecture in which they are
inserted.
The success of ULS systems will depend on significant progress
being made
on ULS system Assimilation, where nonconformant components (often
with
less than adequate reliability) are assimilated into
architecturally coherent and
robust ULS systems. This research will focus on developing
techniques that
enable analyzing, modeling, fortifying, and evolving large legacy
code bases;
working with diverse data; and integrating diverse, uncertain, and
unreliable
information sources into a coherent operational picture.
Emergent properties
Properties of the system as a whole rather than properties that
can be derived from the properties of components of a system
Emergent properties are a consequence of the relationships between
system components
They can therefore only be assessed and measured once the
components have been integrated into a system.
Specifying, designing, implementing, validating, deploying and
maintaining socio-technical systems.
Concerned with the services provided by the system, constraints on
its construction and operation and the ways in which it is
used.
Alan Kay7
famously said that the right perspective is worth 80 IQ
points.8
For
40 years, we have embraced the traditional engineering perspective.
The basic
premise underlying the research agenda presented in this document
is that
beyond certain complexity thresholds, a traditional centralized
engineering
perspective is no longer adequate nor can it be the primary means
by which
ultra-complex systems are made real. Electrical and water systems
are
engineered, but cities are not—although their forms are regulated
by both
natural and imposed constraints. Firms are engineered, but the
overall
structure of the economy is not—although it is regulated.
Ecosystems exhibit
high degrees of complexity and organization, but not through
engineering.
The protocols on which the Internet is based were engineered, but
the Web as
a whole was not engineered—although its form is constrained by both
natural
and artificial regulations. In this report, we take the position
that the advances
needed for ULS systems require a change in perspective, from the
satisfaction
of requirements through traditional, rational, top-down engineering
to their
satisfaction by the regulation of complex, decentralized
system.
(Ultra) Large-Scale Systems –Characteristics? explain in detail How the nature of an enterprise affect complex...
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