Antibiotic class | Example(s) | Target | Mode(s) of resistance |
---|---|---|---|
β-Lactams | Penicillins (ampicillin), cephalosporins (cephamycin), penems (meropenem), monobactams (aztreonam) | Peptidoglycan biosynthesis | Hydrolysis, efflux, altered target |
Aminoglycosides | Gentamicin, streptomycin, spectinomycin | Translation | Phosphorylation, acetylation, nucleotidylation, efflux, altered target |
Glycopeptides | Vancomycin, teicoplanin | Peptidoglycan biosynthesis | Reprogramming peptidoglycan biosynthesis |
Tetracyclines | Minocycline, tigecycline | Translation | Monooxygenation, efflux, altered target |
Macrolides | Erythromycin, azithromicin | Translation | Hydrolysis, glycosylation, phosphorylation, efflux, altered target |
Lincosamides | Clindamycin | Translation | Nucleotidylation, efflux, altered target |
Streptogramins | Synercid | Translation | C-O lyase (type B streptogramins), acetylation (type A streptogramins), efflux, altered target |
Oxazolidinones | Linezolid | Translation | Efflux, altered target |
Phenicols | Chloramphenicol | Translation | Acetylation, efflux, altered target |
Quinolones | Ciprofloxacin | DNA replication | Acetylation, efflux, altered target |
Pyrimidines | Trimethoprim | C1metabolism | Efflux, altered target |
Sulfonamides | Sulfamethoxazole | C1metabolism | Efflux, altered target |
Rifamycins | Rifampin | Transcription | ADP-ribosylation, efflux, altered target |
Lipopeptides | Daptomycin | Cell membrane | Altered target |
Cationic peptides | Colistin | Cell membrane | Altered target, efflux |
Label the image to renview the relative resistance of various microbes to microbial control agents
Label the image to review how various antimicrobial agents alter protein structure and function protein structure and function Substrate Blocked Active Site Enzyme Complete Denaturation Different Shape Native State
Phosphate is required in various microbial metabolisms. Which of the following sources are microbes most likely to obtain phosphate from? O inorganic compounds o organic compounds O neither organic nor inorganic compounds O both organic and inorganic compounds
Chemical method of microbial growth control: gaseous agents freezing gamma radiation desiccation
Label the image to review the major types of microbial associations, Mutualism Synergism Nonsymbiotic Antagonism Commensalism Symbiotic Parasitism Copyright The Companies. Parmissioner for production or display Microbial Associations Lichens E. coli in humans Pinworm in humans Biofilms Antibiosis Reset
How does microbial control work in our bodies? How does it effect drug resistance?
Evaluate the effectiveness of various microbial control methods by dragging the descriptions to their corresponding class. Filtration Can sterilize Cannot sterilize Autoclaving odine Phenolics Dry oven Boiling water Ethylene oxide Quaternary ammonium compounds Glutaraldehyde Gamma radiation Alcohols
What is the impact of antibiotics on soil microbes? How does the prevalence of antibiotic resistance change with the use of antibiotics? How is the fungal community composition impacted by antibiotics in manure? Are antibiotic inputs shifting microbial stressors? Does management impact the carbon cycle?
List and describe chemical agents used in control of Explain three ways how pathogenic microbes cause diseases in their hosts. What are the main stages in the course of infection and disease? Explain the main events and characteristics for each of these stages. Explain the role of reservoirs and vectors in maintenance and spreading of infectious agents. What is the difference between mechanical and biological vectors? What are carriers? Explain endemic and sporadic diseases. What are epidemic and pandemic diseases?...
Which of the following antimicrobial methods would you choose to control microbial growth for each item on the lis below? Hint, you can use more than one antimicrobial method for the same item. Antimicrobial methods: Alcohols, Autoclaving, Boiling, Bromine, Chlorine, Desiccation, Filtration, Fluoride, Formaldehyde, Freezing, Gaseous agents, Glutaraldehyde, Hot air, Incineration, lodine, lonizing radiation, Lyophilization Mercury, Nonionizing radiation, Osmotic pressure, Oxidizing agents, Pasteurization, Phenolics, Refrigeration, Silver nitrate, Surfactants, Ultrahigh temperature sterilization (UHT) Fruit (not dried) - Boiling, Pasterization Patient dressings-...
Which of the following regarding antimicrobial control agents is FALSE? Select one: O a. Alcohols effectively inactivate nonenveloped viruses by attacking lipids. o b. Silver-impregnated dressings are used for treating antibiotic-resistant bacteria. O c. Some agents kill by denaturing microbial cell proteins. O d. Contaminating organic debris such as blood or sputum decrease effectiveness. e. Some agents affect microbial cell membranes by dissolving lipids. Which statement is not true (meaning False) about the virus capsid? Select one: O a. Both...