Question

can someone explain these concepts in full detail?

Understand cellular respiration (what 3 main steps are used and in what order, what is produced and used at each step, what electron shuttles are utilized, where does it happen, what types of cells perform it, etc.) · Know the chemical equation of cellular respiration Understand fermentation (how is it different than cellular respiration, how it is initiated, and why it is utilized) . Understand photorespiration (how it is different from photosynthesis, how it is initiated, and why it is utilized) . Understand photosynthesis (what main steps are used and in what order, what is produced, what electron shuttles are utilized, where does it happen, what types of cells perform it, etc.) Understand transmitted versus reflected light, Dashboard Calendar To Do Notifications Inbox 7:16 1 LTE Announcement Details Biology 31 Sec 074 (30033) Spring 2019 Back Understand photorespiration (how it is different from photosynthesis, how it is initiated, and why it is utilized) Understand photosynthesis (what main steps are used and in what order, what is produced, what electron shuttles are utilized, where does it happen, what types of cells perform it, etc.) Understand transmitted versus reflected light, and how we see Know the chemical equation of photosynthesis Understand DNA replication, and what is meant by a "semiconservative process" . Understand what is meant by DNA'Ss "directionality" Understand the central dogma (what order does it follow, what steps are used, what molecules play a large role in each step, etc.) Understand RNA processing (RNA à mRNA) Understand the different types of RNA, and when they are usec Understand gene expression and how it is regulated Understand the concept of master genes and cascades, and when they are utilized Understand DNA technologies such as knockouts, vectors, cDNA, PCR, gel electrophoresis, cloning, etc. (how and why are they used?) Know how to translate a sequence of DNA into RNA (following base pairing rules) Understand what a SNP is and what STRs are and when they are used . . . Dashboard Calenda To Do nbox

Answer 1

Q1.Cellular respiration consists of mainly 3 stages.

1. Glycolysis

2. Citric acid cycle

3. Electron transport system

1. Glycolysis - It occurs in all cells of the body. The enzymes of this pathway is present in cytosomal fraction of cell. It occurs in presence and absence of O2. In presence of O2, it is aerobic respiration and its end product is Pyruvate which ultimately converts into CO2 and H2O. In absence of O2, it is anaerobic respiration which converts into lactate.

Citric acid cycle - It is also called TCA CYCLE or KREBS CYCLE. The enzymes of this cycle are present in mitochondrial matrix. It is the final common oxidative pathway for carbohydrates, fats and amino acids. It involves in oxidation of Acetyl CoA to CO2 and H2O.

ETS- It occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is the final common pathway by which electrons derived from different fuels of the body flow to oxygen. As fuel molecules are oxidised the electrons they have lost are used in making NADH and FADH2. The function of the ETS and oxidative phosphorylation is to take electrons from these molecules and transfer them to oxygen, making ATP in the process.

Q2. Chemical equation of cellular respiration -

C₆H₁₂O₆₊6O₂+38ADP-> 6CO₂+6H₂O+38ATP

Q3. FERMENTATION - It is the process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds such as carbohydrates and using an endogenous electron acceptor, which is usually an organic compound.

In contrast respiration is where electrons are donated to an exogenous electron acceptor such as oxygen via an ETS.

Fermentation is important in anaerobic conditions when there is no oxidative phosphorylation to maintain the production of ATP by glycolysis. During fermentation Pyruvate is metabolised to various different compounds such as lactic acid, ethanol etc. In homolactic fermentation lactic acid is formed and in heterolactic fermentation ethanol and CO₂ is also formed along with lactic acid.

Q4. Photorespiration- It is the light dependent utilisation of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide by the photosynthetic organs of a plant.

In photosynthesis the reverse phenomenon of Photorespiration occurs i.e in presence of light uptake of carbon dioxide and releae of oxygen.

Photorespiration occurs in choloplast. Peroxisome is also required for completion of this process. RuBP carboxylase is changed to RuBP oxygenase. This happens at high temperature and high oxygen concentration. At high temperature and high oxygen concentration the affinity of RuBP carboxylase for carbon dioxide decreases and affinity for oxygen increses.

It protects C3 plants from photo oxidation and photo inhibition.