Question

I only need help with the discussion

there are many info that you do not need put I put just in case as well as my data table.

please do it as soon as u can

Meauements ODeit1 Check2 Meaurements Checi3 Ced Check5 Check6 Measurements Check7 heck8 4058 33 536 1502 1035 979 119478 041 1.0319|0.554972| 64261| 153|15542033681 995781 5266566 1578807 298h 1631 119 1209430016 079096812 0.418135246 0,00032665 011890:004668155728441 0293237 1.291809502 1.22833 1.28 1952 -1116 4281 140616885511984206317 3346 8162 0.78 99578 831933 05643 5982 8162 041 64258 025 Kirchhoff's Laws in Series and Parallel Circuits 1 Introduction As we leamed from the previous experiment (Ohm's law), an electrical circuit is any continuous path or array of paths along which current may flow. A circuit usually contains a battery or other sources of EMF (electromotive force) to create the current. Without a source of energy to drive the circuit no current (electric charge) will flow. Between the terminals of our power source can be any combination of elements through which the electrons may pass anything from a single wire to a complicated collection of wires, diodes, transistors, and other circuit elements as resistors and capacitors Whatever the elements that make up the circuit there are some simple rules that must be obeyed. Two of these rules are Kirchhoffs laws regarding current (low of electric charge) and voltage (electrical potential difference) Since, as far as we know, charge can be neither created nor destroyed,if we pick a single point in a circuit all of the charge that flows into that point must also flow out of it. Put in tems of currents Kire law derived from the conservation sum of the currents flowing into and out of that node will be zero. This is shown schematically in figure 1 where the sum of the three current flowing into and zero: i t la t I,-0. Note in this case two of the currents are negative, that is to say, they flow out of the node, where the node is the low potential point. The negative (-) black node dot is the low connection reference point and the three positive (+) dots are the high connection reference points for the voltage measurements in part 3.2.3 of this lab. It should be noted that this node is our arbitrary reference point for making measurements. given node point (see diagram, below) the out of the node, signified by the black dot, adds to f charge states that at a R2 R, Node Ra Figure I Kirchhoffs law for voltages in a circuit is a consequence of the fact that the electric ficld exerts a force potential energy of a charge at a particular point in space does not depend on the path the charge took to get to that point. Since the potential energy of a charge in a circuit is its charge, Q, times the voltage at the point in the circuit, V, the Otherwise, if the charge went loop its energy would be changed when it retumed to its starting point. This is shown um of the voltages will be zero, V +Ve+Ved V-0 Assuming that the bottom left hand node "a" is at the higher potential Vi. V and Vi would be positive which is conservative. Thought of in terms of potential energies, the sum of the voltages measured around any loop in a circuit must add to zero. schematically in Figure 2. Here the s ts would be negative as the voltages are measured counterc lockwise. In this part of the lab, Vanut 10.00V will be the power supply that is driving the circuit. This yields: 3 Calculations and Analysis. The focus of this experiment is not to measure a single value (such as the latent heat or specific heat of a material), but rather a series of experimental tests of theoretical predictions in circuits. In each step, a theoretical prediction is formed and checked against some combination of directly measured quantities. 3.1 Analysis of Resistances in Parallel and Series Check 1 First we assembled three resistors in a parallel network. What does the theory claim? It claims that the reciprocal of the combined resistance equals the sum of the reciprocals of each resistor. In other words n R1 R2 R3 Giving us our theoretical calculation, Rp.th = Now we directly measured this (subseript dm), allowing us to check this theoretical claim with a percent difference. % din urm가의 . 100 Check 2 When we have three resistors assembled in a series network, we caleulate our theoretically predicted resistance as the sum of each individual resistor Ran Ri+ R2+ R Check this theoretical claim versus what was directly measured % diff, Lam- seal . 100 3.2 Analysis of a series circuit and Kirchhoff's Voltage Lavw Check 3 Our theoretical claim is that the current passing through the series network can be calculated using the quotient of the applied emf and series resistance. Calculate this predicted current using the directly measured series resistance. Check this claim with the directly measured current. . 100 Check 4 In the series circuit with-10 volts across it, ou three resistors should sum to the three directly measured voltages. r theoretical claim is that each voltage drop across the Check this claim versus what you directly set, Vem, with Ven Vemf.th Check 5 Using just the directly measured resistances and current, our next theoretical claim is that those quantities would be enough to find the voltage drop across each resistor. v1,th-R, * Isdm .vzm = R2·ham ' and V3.th-R, ' Isdm Check each against what was directly measured Vi.th Cheek 6 Now we are ready to check Kirchhoffs loop law The claim is that all the voltage drops and rises around any closed loop must sum to zero. Due to this being a series circuit, we have essentially already accomplished this with Check 4; however, the loop law is important enough to merit its owrn check! R2 Rg We draw our loop in the same direction as the assumed direction of the current. left comer, the loop law claims that Starting at the bottom Switching to the notations we alrcady used, we check the loop law by seeing how close to zero this calculation comes out to be: Just give this result to two number after the decimal place in both your lab report and quick sheet.) 3.3 Analysis of Kirchhoff Current Law. Check 7 The last two checks deal with Kirchhoff's node law. In essence, any junction that has current flowing in, must have the same current flowing out. First, we zoom in on our node. Ri R2 0. Then When directly applying the node law, as in a text book problem, we start with /, we would assume the numerical value of l, to be positive as we believe it to be entering the node, and then we would assume the numerical values of both /2 and ls to be negative as we believe they are leaving the node. If we were incorrecet about any of these positive'negative assumptions, the algeboa would ultimately correct us. However, as we are trying we accomplish on the node. For example, by leaving the low end at the node, you should have measured vi as to confirm these this same confirmation by always leaving the low end of our voit and current meters positive and v and v as both negative confirming our assumption about what and out of the node. Suppose that you measured vi and v2 as both positive and onltus as negative ts are going in would let us know that our original assumption was wrong and the current flow is instead R, 12 So to stant our checks, we want to theoretically predict our three currents based on our three voltages Physics 182-Experiment #6 Test each against what was directly measured, %diff-Pruum-100, %diff-P媺바 100, and % diff-u nl . 100, and % din« Pan-ami-100 I1th 2,th 3,th Check 8 Confirm Kirchhoffs node law! (lust give this result to two number after the decimal place in both your lab report and quick sheet.) 5 Discussion Remember to include a discussion section in your lab report. Refer to the Appendix on writing lab reports in the Course Syllabus for guidelines and suggestions. In this experiment, you do not need to do the precision and accuracy comparison for all 8 checks of Kirchoffs laws that were conducted, just choose any two of the checks for this part of your discussion.

Answer 1

NOTE: Discussion part in a lab report/ in a research paper is the section where one includes his interpretation of the obtained result. Here, one can include,

• The reasons why the result is in agreement/disagreement with the predictions
• What could be the possible reasons for this deviation(s)
• In case you have obtained a new finding, your interpretation on that new result
• The possible factors which could have lead to the obtained experimental result (sources of error, other limitations in the experimental resources, etc.)

CHECK 4: In this part, the theoretical value of the emf is, V_emf,th=9.9578V, and the obtained result is V_emf,dm=9.9870V. Here the value obtained is correct up to one decimal place. The possible deviation could be due to the internal resistance of the voltage sources, the resistance of the connection wire, the internal resistance of the measuring device, tolerance of resistances, etc. (*** Here you haven't mentioned the least count of your measurement device, I recommend you to include it in future (even though it is mentioned not to do the accuracy check). Otherwise, it is difficult to comment on the error. Since you have done the measurement, you can figure out other factors which have influenced the experiment.) Percentage error in the measurement is of the order of 0.3%, which is quite good and we can conclude that the theoretical prediction, in this case, is in accordance with the experimental result obtained.

CHECK 5: The measured values of the potential drop across each resistor is not exactly equal to the theoretical value, but are within small error limits. Possible reasons for this could be heating up of resistors as current is flown through, least count of measurement devices, etc. But form the results we can conclude that the experiment verifies the theoretical prediction.

*** The table you have provided is not properly readable, please try to take clear pictures in the future (at least one without the cursor)

Hope this helps you, all the best...