Question

My Courses Week 2 Assignment(s) Week 2 Assignment(s) Assignment 2 Power Markets have two subcategories: generation and grid ancillary services (page 113). Text box 2-2a (page 101) describes grid ancillary services and text box 2-2b (page 102) describes essential reliability services. Create a table which lists the grid ancillary services with services as the rows and resources (hydropower, solar, and wind) as columns. In the respective row/column box summarize if the resource can provide the service, with a bottom line response of yes, no, or 'it depends'. Text Box 2-2a. Grid Ancillary Services Relevant to Hydropower Regulation and frequency response: The ability of a resource or a system to respond to to determine optimal use of hydropower for changes in system frequency, which must be load-following services, these impacts must be maintained close to a constant level (60 Hertz). considered against the cost of providing load NERC establishes control performance stan- following from other types of generation. dards to ensure that each control area main tains reliability. This response can be provided by generators through three mechanisms: costs and decrease system lifetime. In order Energy imbalance service: The transmission operator provides energy to cover any mis- match in hourly energy between the transmis Inertia: A passive response, typically due to sion customer's energy supply and the demand rotating masses in generators that is served in the balancing authority area. Primary frequency response or governor Spinning reserve: Online (connected to the control: An active, unmanned respon grid) generation that is reserved to quick implemented through an electronic, digital, respond to system events (such as the loss o or mechanical device a generator) by increasing or decreasing Frequency regulation: An active response to output. Except when already running at full adjust an area's generation from a centralload, hydropower offers an excellent source location in order to maintain the area's inter- reserve because it has high ramping capability change schedule and frequency throughout its range Hydropower generators can provide these reg Supplemental (non-spinning) reserve: Offline ulation services. While hydropower turbines are generation that is capable of being connected able to respond to sudden changes in system within a specified period (usually 10 minutes) frequency, the relatively large mass rotating in response to an event in the system. Offline in hydropower turbine generators and the dynamics of the water column in the penstock nizing quickly, and can provide non-spinning mean hydropower may have a lower response reserve to the extent that sufficient water time than do gas or steam [75. This larger inertia can, however, be an advantage in smaller or islanded power systems as it contributes to system stability [76). Load-following and flexibility reserve: The equipment Insufficient provision of reactive ability of the power system to balance variabil power can lead to voltage collapses and ity existing in the load over longer timeframes system instability. All hydropower facilities are than regulation and frequency response, from operated to follow a voltage schedule to ensure multiple minutes to several hours. This func- tion is typically accomplished by mid-mer (intermediate) and peaker units. Most US. hydropower units are able to and do effectively ability to provide reactive power in such loca- provide load following to an hourly schedule, tions can be essential. as well as following ramps that occur within the hour time scale. This flexibility is not without impact, however. Increased variation in hydro- power generation can impact and aquatic life, as well as increase operating and can typically be hydropower generation is capable of synchro- supply is available to the unit for generation. Reactive power and voltage support: The portion of electricity that establishes and sustains the electric and magnetic fields of AC sufficient voltage support. Reactive power is typically a local issue. Because hydropower facilities are often located in remote areas, their Black start (restoration) service: The capabil- ity to start up in the absence of support from the transmission grid. This capability is of value riverbank erosion to restart sections of the grid after a blackout Text Box 2-2b Essential Reliability Services: Grid Services Designated As Critical to National Power System Reliability in its role as the Organiza- tion of the United States, NERC has designated the first to manifest, we see other issues such the services of frequency response, ramping,as inertia beginning to emerge and voltage support as essential to reliable operation of the national power grid e Electric Reliability Organizasupport. While these three services are among For this reason, policy makers need to include provisions for essential reliability services of In December 2015, NERC issued its "Essential the grid: ramping, frequency control, voltage Reliability Services Task Force Measures Framework Report," (791 to help stakeholders and policymakers understand and prepare for ERS are necessary to balance and maintain a changing energy resource mix. Subsequently, the North American BPS [bulk-power NERC issued a public statement nos) empha- system]. Conventional generation (steam sizing key points regarding essential reliability hydro, and combustion turbine technologies) services: control, and also to address emerging issues such as inertia inherently provides ERS needed to reliably operate the system North America's resource mix is undergoing a significant transformation at an acceleratedIt is necessary for policy makers to recognize pace with ongoing retirements of fossil-fired and nuclear capacity and growth in natural gas, wind, and solar resources. A key priority for our energy future is to ensure that reliability is maintained as the generation resource mix changes NERC has identified three essential reliability services (ERS) that warrant attention- frequency response, ramping, and voltage the need for these services by ensuring that interconnection requirements, market mechanisms, or other reliability requirements provide sufficient means of adapting the system to accommodate large amounts of variable and/or distributed energy resources (DERS). Policy makers are increasingly recognizing these needs, which will become more significant as larger penetrations of renewables and retirements of base load coal (and some nuclear) occur

Answer 1

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