Question

the effects horizontal gene transfer has on evolutionary relationships inside and outside the bacterial domain

Answer 1

1.​​​​​HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER :- transfer of Gene happen in same generation of organism is called horizontal gene transfer or lateral gene transfer.  

In evolutionary relationship at first Bacteria come to earth after that archea which connecting link between Bacteria and eukarya and eukarya come at last.

Horizontal gene transfer inside the Bacterial domain :-  

Horizontal gene transfer happen in side the Bacterial domain in same strain by three method

1. conjugation ( sex pilus )

2. Transformation ( due to cell free DNA of same strain )

3. Transduction ( by bacteriophage )

This is the three method of horizontal gene transfer . In vertical gene transfer gene transfer from one generation to next generation but this process is slow . In horizontal gene transfer gene transfer level and frequency is high . If some Bacteria transfer antibiotic resistance gene to other Bacteria of same strain it easily acquire this antibiotic resistance gene and antibiotics resistance character .

So now a day Bacteria and virus easily evolve due to horizontal gene transfer and easily acquire adaptable character.

Horizontal gene transfer outside Bacterial domain :- horizontal gene transfer outside Bacterial domain happen with other organism like archea , fungi , virus , plant , animal with Bacteria . Except Bacteria horizontal gene transfer happen with different type of organism .

Bacteria to fungi :-   horizontal gene transfer occur from Bacteria to fungi like bacteria to yeast . Example :- D- amino acid racemases have been commonly transferred from Bacterial to fungi.

Bacterial to plant :- agrobacterium a pathogenic Bacteria that causes cell to proliferate as crown galls and proliferating root. It is an example of plant evolution.

Bacterial to archea :- archea are closely related to the bacteria but pathogenic Bacteria are pathogenic but archea are non pathogenic due to horizontal gene transfer some archea so pathogenic characteristics this is the example of horizontal gene transfer.

Bacteria to animal :- some time some Gene transfer Bacteria to animal through infection and contamination . In research it also found that 40 animal contained gene transform from Bacteria and fungi.

Other wise horizontal gene transfer happen between organelles to nucleus , organelles to organelles , plant to animal and plant to plant .

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