Question

1. Describe the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes. 2. Explain why urinary tract infections are common in people with diabetes. Explain how acute renal failure could develop. Mr. M. has had the infection for a week and has developed mild ketoacidosis because of the infection. Analysis of arterial blood gases indicates that his serum bicarbonate level is low, and his serum pH is just below normal range. 3. Explain why infection may lead to ketoacidosis.

Answer 1

Answer: One of the essential gland of our body i.e. pancreas which is situated behind the stomach, stops making insulin as the cells that make the insulin have been destroyed by the body’s immune system and without the insulin, glucose can not be converted into energy. It can not be cured but can be prevented by changing and enhancing our lifestyle and food intake. It includes many symptoms such as

• Passing more urine
• Blurred vision
• Being excessively thirsty
• Always feeling hungry
• Feeling tired and lethargic
• skin infections
• Having cuts that heal slowly
• Itching

As it can not be treated completely, only changing the lifestyle as well as including nutritious food can control the diabetes or can be managed with insulin injections several times a day or the use of an insulin pump.

UTI (urinary tract infection) is the infection which leads to the urge of frequent urination followed by burning sensation, itching and painful urination. People with type1 diabetes are more prone to this as the hyperglycemia causes neutrophil dysfunction by increasing intracellular calcium levels and interfering with actin that means the high urine glucose content and defective host immune factors invites the infection. When the blood vessels in the kidneys are injured, kidneys cannot clean blood properly and then body starts to retain more water and salt than it should, and unable to excrete out the waste material, making kidney more prone to renal failure.

The type 1 diabetic patients generally prone to many of the infection which lead to many other problems and hence ketoacidosis in one of them it occurs because, during infection, the body has an increased need for glucose that may not be met by an adequate amount of insulin for stimulating the uptake of glucose from the blood.