Question

8-2       Schrodinger’s wave equation applied very well to one electron systems such as hydrogen. What additions did it need to be applicable to multielectron systems and what did each addition do?.

           

8-3       Holding the number of electrons in an atom constant, what happens when the charge on the atom is increased?

Answer 1

8-3.

And ; when we increased the charge on the atom then obviously the attraction between positive nucleus and electrons increased .

The effect of this is decreasing size of atom.

If atom gets positive charge it's mass increased .

8-2 .

Ans.; For multielectron system , of course mass of each electron added .

Also in this case radius of each time after electron addition should be added.

In the multielectron system ,there is repulsion also present between them .And aslo there is shielding effect of this overall electron.

Shielding occurs because other electrons that are closer to the nucleus shield an electron from the attractive force of the nucleus. Adjusting the hydrogenic orbitals can be done by reducing the value of Z to Zeff. The amount of the reduction depends on which inner orbitals are occupied and how much the orbital being calculated is able to penetrate the shielding. As the amount of shielding increases, Zeff becomes smaller, and the energy levels of the orbital increase. Conversely, as the amount of penetration increases, the shielding is reduced, Zeff becomes bigger, and the energy level of the orbital decreases.