Question

CASE STUDY Joseph is an 80-year-old grandfather of six children. The ages of his grandchildren range from 11 to 35 a recent family reunion, several of them stated concern about their grandfather's decreasing functioni They were told this is a typical occurrence in aging. What are the normal effects of aging on the nervous system?

Answer 1

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AGING CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

As you age, your brain and nervous system go through natural changes. Your brain and spinal cord lose nerve cells and weight (atrophy). Nerve cells may begin to pass messages more slowly than in the past. Waste products can collect in the brain tissue as nerve cells break down. This can cause abnormal changes in the brain called plaques and tangles to form. A fatty brown pigment can also build up in nerve tissue.

Breakdown of nerves can affect your senses. You might have reduced or lost reflexes or sensation. This leads to problems with movement and safety.

Slowing of thought, memory, and thinking is a normal part of aging. These changes are not the same in everyone. Some people have many changes in their nerves and brain tissue. Others have few changes. These changes are not always related to the effects on your ability to think.

NERVOUS SYSTEM PROBLEMS IN OLDER PEOPLE

Dementia and severe memory loss are not a normal part of aging. They can be caused by brain diseases such as Alzheimer disease, which doctors believe is associated with plaques and tangles forming in the brain and the buildup of lipofuscin.

Delirium is sudden confusion that leads to changes in thinking and behavior. It is often due to illnesses that are not related to the brain. Infection can cause an older person to become severely confused. Certain medicines can also cause this.

Thinking and behavior problems can also be caused by poorly controlled diabetes. Rising and falling blood sugar levels can interfere with thought.

Talk with your health care provider if you have any changes in:

• Memory
• Thought
• Ability to perform a task

Seek medical help right away if these symptoms occur suddenly or along with other symptoms. A change in thinking, memory, or behavior is important if it is different from your normal patterns or it affects your lifestyle.

PREVENTION

Mental and physical exercise can help your brain stay sharp. Mental exercises include:

• Reading
• Doing crossword puzzles
• Stimulating conversation

Physical exercise promotes blood flow to your brain. It also helps reduce loss of brain cells.

OTHER CHANGES

As you grow older, you will have other changes, including:

• In organs, tissues, and cells
• In the heart and blood vessels
• In the vital signs
• In the senses