Question

Enzymes use several types of catalytic mechanisms. Differentiate between acid-base catalysis, covalent catalysis, and metal ion catalysis.

Categorize these correctly

Enzymes use several types of catalytic mechanisms. Differentiate between acid-base catalysis, covalent catalysis, and metal ion catalysis.

Answer 1

Answer 2

solution:

There are several differences of enzymes and use to catalyze specific reactions.

1. Covalent catalysis involves a an active site with a reactive group (substrate). The active site contains a reactive nucleophilic group that attacks the substrate through covalent forces. Although the covalent interactions are temporary, the substrate is bound to the enzyme during the course of catalysis. See mechanism of the proteloytic enzyme Chymotrypsin

for example of this strategy.

2. General acid-base catalysis involves acid base reactions that do not occur with water. Other molecules undergo proton accepting or donating.

3. Catalysis by approximation involves bringing two distinct substrates in close proximity which can increase the reaction rate considerably. See Nucleoside Monophosphate Kinase.

4. Metal ion catalysis involves metal ions that allow the formation of nucleophilles or electrophilles that can help the reaction occur in a faster pace.

the above are best study to which shows that one enzymes diffrence from one another

Answer 3

solution:

the below is the diffrence b/w catalysis

Proton

Acid = donates proton, Enzyme active site must be protonated

Base = accepts proton, Enzyme active site must be deprotonated

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Concerted Acid-Base Catalysis

General acid and general base both participate in the reaction

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A covalent bond is temporarily formed between the substrate and enzyme.

Both a nucleophile (enzyme) and an electrophile (substrate) are involved.

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Nucleophile

Related to it's basicity

Normally have a negative charge or unshared electrons.

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Electrophiles

Normally have a positive charge, unfilled electrons, or an EN atom

??Metalloenzymes - contain tightly bound metal cofactors (normally transition metals)

Metal-Activated Enzymes - only loosely bind, are normally metal ions (Na+, K+, Mg 2+)

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