For the following processes, state whether each of the thermodynamic quantities q, w, ∆U, and ∆H is greater than, equal to, or less than zero for the system described. Explain your answers briefly.
a. An ideal gas expands adiabatically against an external pressure of 1 bar.
b. An ideal gas expands isothermally against an external pressure of 1 bar.
c. An ideal gas expands adiabatically into a vacuum.
d. A liquid at its boiling point is converted reversibly into its vapor, at constant temperature and 1 bar pressure.
e. H2, gas and O2, gas react in a closed bomb at 25°C, and the product water is brought back to 25°C.
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