Vicarious conditioning is involves the learning about a specific stimuli without exhibiting that specific behavior.
Operant conditioning is also a learning behavior or process that can be defined as a method that attempts to change actions or behavior by using either negative or positive reinforcement. An instinct is defined as a standard pattern of actions in various animals with response to an impulse or stimuli.
Classical conditioning is a higher order is the learning process that meticulously happens if two stimuli are continuously paired leading to involuntary response, is at initial one followed by elicitation of second stimulus. This learning occurs due to repeated organizations of behavior between stimuli involving a biologically relevant stimulus.
Thus, the options (b), (a) and (d) are incorrect.
Vicarious conditioning is involves the learning about a specific stimuli without exhibiting that specific behavior.
Therefore, the correct option is – c. learning without actually doing a behavior.