The surface tension of water, a needed quantity in several of the following problems, is related to temperature according to the expression σ = 0.1232 [1 − 0.00146 T] , where σ is in N/m and T is in K. In the English system with σ given in lbf/ft and T in ?F, the surface tension may be calculated from σ = (8.44 × 10−3) [1 = 0.00082 T].
An electrically heated square plate measuring 200 cm on a side is immersed vertically in water at atmospheric pressure. As the electrical energy supplied to the plate is increased, its surface temperature rises above that of the adjacent saturated water. At low power levels the heat-transfer mechanism is natural convection, becoming a nucleate-boiling phenomenon at higher ΔTs. At what value of ΔT are the heat fluxes due to boiling and natural convection the same? Plot q/A|convection,q/A|boiling, and q/A|total, versus ΔT values from 250 to 300 K.
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