The surface tension of water, a needed quantity in several of the following problems, is related to temperature according to the expression σ = 0.1232 [1 − 0.00146 T] , where σ is in N/m and T is in K. In the English system with σ given in lbf/ft and T in ?F, the surface tension may be calculated from σ = (8.44 × 10−3) [1 = 0.00082 T].
Saturated steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on the outside surface of a 1-m-long tube with 150-mm diameter. The surface temperature is maintained at 91°C. Evaluate the condensation rate if the pipe is oriented
a. vertically
b. horizontally
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