Question

1. what questions are descriptive epidemiologic studies designed to answer? 200 words

2. Explain the differences between incidence rates and prevalence rates. Provide an example of each? 200 words

3. Explain the multicausation disease model. 200 words

Answer 1

Ans-

Descriptive epidemiology-

Descriptive epidemiology aims to describe the distributions of diseases and determinants. It provides a way of organizing and analyzing these data to describe the variations in disease frequency among populations by geographical areas and over time (i.e., person, place, and time).

In epidemiology, researchers are interested in measuring or assessing the relationship of exposure with a disease or an outcome. ... In an experimental study design, researchers assign patients to intervention and control/comparison groups in an attempt to isolate the effects of the intervention.

Descriptive research is a study designed to depict the participants in an accurate way. The three main ways to collect this information are: Observational, defined as a method of viewing and recording the participants. Case study, defined as an in-depth study of an individual or group of individuals.

Three major types of epidemiologic studies are cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies (study designs are discussed in more detail in IOM, 2000). A cohort, or longitudinal, study follows a defined group over time.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INCIDENCE RATE AND PREVALENCE RATE :-

The easy way to remember the difference is that prevalence is the proportion of cases in the population at a given time rather than rate of occurrence of new cases. Thus, incidence conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease, whereas prevalence indicates how widespread the disease is.

The incidence rate is a measure of the frequency with which a disease or other incident occurs over a specified time period. ... Using person-time rather than just time handles situations where the amount of observation time differs between people, or when the population at risk varies with time.

Examples of incident cases or events include a person developing diabetes, becoming infected with HIV, starting to smoke, or being admitted to the hospital. In each of those situations, individuals transition from an occurrence-free state to an occurrence. Incidence.

Prevalence, sometimes referred to as prevalence rate, is the proportion of persons in a population who have a particular disease or attribute at a specified point in time or over a specified period of time.

For example, in a survey you would be asked if you are currently smoking. Period prevalence: The number of cases of a health event in reference to a time period, often 12 months.

THE MULTICAUSATION DISEASE MODEL :-

Multicausation Disease Model- a. Multicausation Disease Model- a model that explains the onset of disease caused by more than one factor. AN EXAMPLE OF THIS A CHAIN REACTION. displays a table found from Principles and Foundations of Health Promotion an Education. it is a visual to how things are interconnected.

A number of models of disease causation have been proposed. Among the simplest of these is the epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for infectious disease. The triad consists of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together. In this model, disease results from the interaction between the agent and the susceptible host in an environment that supports transmission of the agent from a source to that host.