Question

In 2 to 3 pages, explain the following about tuberculosis:

Pathophysiology

Causes

Signs and symptoms

Diagnostics

Treatments

Patient education

Please use APA format (document in paragraph for no lists) to include:

Title page

Body

and , reference page

Please use peer reviewed research articles. These articles can be obtained through LIRN, Google Scholar, or the like. Websites from the CDC, American Heart Association, Joint Commission, etc. but all references should not come from these sites. Wikipedia, and websites for the lay person will not be accepted.

Answer 1

Tuberculosis is a disease caused to lungs which is highly infectious

.It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is an aitairborne disease.

Pathophysiology

when the organism is inhaled》》it is trapped in the upper respiratory tract》》the mucus secreting globet cells acts as first defence mechanism to expel it out of the system》》if it fails》》 it bypasses the mucociliary system and reach the a》》alveolar macrophage try to engulf it (host defence mechanism )》》phagocytosis occurs》》preventing infection or a latent infection 》》if tgere is a failure in phagocytosis 》》active tuberculosis

Causes

It i caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Signs and Symptoms

• Weight loss
• Night sweats
• cough more than 3 weeks (productive or non productive)
• Fever

Diagostics

• Mantoux tuberculin skin test(a small amount of tuberculin is injected intradermally on the fore arm,if the bulge is more than 10mm it is a positive report)
• Sputum for AFB:Three consecutive sputum are tested for the organism if two are positive it is a confirmation of TB
• Chest X ray
• CT scan
• ALS assay us an immunological assay to detect active diseases
• Transdermal patch when applied when it comes in contact with the bacteria the antibodies reacts and the skin reddens
• Nucleic acid amplification test it detects the mycobacterial nucleic acid
• Full blood count
• Interferon gamma release assay is a new test to detect tuberculosis

Treatment

The usual treatment are with antibiotics. The course are usually 6 or 9 months depending upon the severity

• If newly diagnosed ( Isoniazide,Rifampicin,Pyrazinamide,Ethambutol for three months followed by Isoniazide and Rifampicin for next three months)
• If previously treated along with the first line drug Streptomycin is also added
• If multi drug resistance develops a rigourous treatment to be given

Patient education

• Strictly taking medicine
• proper diet
• include protein rich diet
• have egg in diet
• report if cough reoccurs
• Regular follow up
• No relationship during active phase of treatment
• follow handwashing
• cover face with napkin or kerchief when sneezing or coughing
• Avoid smoking and alcohol
• No OCT
• Regular Weight check and increase