Question

Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

• What is the effect of hyperglycemia on the osmotic pressure of the blood, and what symptoms result?
• What blood and urine tests will be altered based on the effects of decreased insulin activity?
• What are the effects on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism when insulin is ineffective?

Answer 1

Ans) Polydipsia polyuria occur when blood glucose levels rise high enough to result in excretion of excess glucose via the kidneys, which leads to the presence of glucose in the urine. This produces an osmotic diuresis. Signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis may include: Ketoacidosis.

- It is important to note that urine tests will not indicate whether blood glucose levels are too low. This may be important for people who are at risk of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose). Those who use insulin or other medications may need to monitor for low blood sugar

- The liver exhibits a decrease in gluconeogenesis and increases in glycogenesis in response to the presence of insulin. Insulin's effect stretches to lipid and protein metabolism as well. It stimulates lipogenesis and protein synthesis and conversely inhibits lipolysis and protein degradation.