Question

In our experiment we will use three different substrates: 1°, n-butyl chloride; 2°, sec-butyl chloride; and 3°, tert- butyl chloride, and we will evaluate their reactivity and the rate of the reaction in an SN1 reaction. We will use an acid-base indicator to monitor the completion of the reaction and a salt, silver nitrate, to obtain a precipitate. The success of the reaction is evidenced by the change in color of the indicator (from orange to red) due to the protonation, and the formation of a precipitate (AgX), as shown in the scheme below.

Experimental 1) Prepare 5 vials and add 1 mL of ethanol in each vial and 3 drop of a 2mM solution of indicator. NOTE: the color of the indicator is orange, at this stage; however, when you add it to your tubes it will become a little more yellow as it is being diluted 2)Select 3 vials, labeled them and add 4 drops of the substrates (one vial will have the primary substrate, one the secondary and one the tertiary). 3) The other two vials will be used as controls: -One vial has ethanol and indicator but NOT the alkyl halide substrate, -The vial has ethanol, indicator and tert-butyl chloride BUT the test tube will be kept at room temperature (20-25 °C). 4)Place the 4 vials at 60C for 10 minutes. You can use a water bath and you can check the temperature inside the water bath with a thermometer 5)After 10 min, remove the vials from the heat, let them reach room temperature and record the color. 6)Add 4 drops of AgNO3 (5% w/v in ethanol) and record your observations. 7)Take pictures of the vials

1. Write the mechanism of the reactions with the actual substrates (one for the primary, one for the secondary etc.)

So basically, please write out step by step NEATLY please, the scheme for each SN1 reaction for each substrate.  

Answer 1

Mechanism: @ n-butyl chloride Step I: Formation of carbocation سیامک اعم o carbo cation Step - I fall nucleophilic reaction & Deprotonation + R-öy cy-ch-ch-Ch 11 carbocation is less stable so n-butyl chloride do es notar react via SN" mechanism Ro usm ether sec. - butyl chloride Step- I carbocation is more stable than 1, Secondary Step-I & TIL o + Ho-R - tert-butyl chloride MC-E SN' de srer 41A au no-R cc-OR 3° carbocation is most stable so reaction proceeds. through sul mechanism.