Question

1. What are cost-effective rations? A cost-effective model? 2. How do health care leaders/managers measure effectiveness? 3. What are quality-adjusted life years? 4. How are costs measured? 5. What are biased estimates? 6. What is a cost-benefit analysis? 7. In the Cost-Effectiveness of Health Insurance case study, what is the relationship between expenditures and age from both the insured and uninsured groups? 8. What is the relationship between quality of life, mortality and age from both the insured and uninsured groups?

Answer 1

1.Cost effectivness models of cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) are the models used to predict the cost and effectiveness of an intervention based on the best available evidence.It provides robust analytical approach for the policy makers and regulators to asses the cost associated with an intervention .

Cost effectiveness ratio is defined as the difference in cost between two possible interventions,divided by the difference in their effect.

2.for measuring cost effectivness of a product divide the total cost by the outcome.or use cost effectiveness ratio.

Incremental cost effectiveness ratio= cost of intervention A-cost of intervention B/clinical sucess of treatment A-clinical sucess of treatment B

3.Quality adjusted life years is a generic measure of disease burden,including both the quality and quantity of life lived.It is used an ecnomic evaluation to asses the value of medical intervention .

4.cost mainly measured as direct medical cost,non medical cost like cost for transportation to hospital.

Indirect cost: income lost due to absenteeism,loss of productivity .

Intagible cost:costs of pain

Opportunity cost:lost of opportunity due to disese.

5.Biased estimate:In statistics the bias of an estimate is the difference between this estimators expected value and the true value of the parameter being estimated.

6.Cost benefit analysis sometimes also called benefit cost analysis ,is a systemic approach to estimating the strengths and weakness of alternatives used to determine options which provide the best approach to acheiving benefits while preserving savings.

7.according to age expenditure may inceease.It leads benefit for insured patients.

8.quality of life decrease in very old age,and srongly related to health outcome and mortality.Quality of life amingest the oldest old is predominantly predicted by Ouality of life measured earlier in aging process indicated that quality of life may be relatively stable in old age.