Question

1)Identify 4 known risk factors for cardiovascular disease that cannot be changed?

2) Identify 6 risk factors for cardiovascular disease that CAN be changed?

3) BRIEFLY Explain 6 different types of cardiovascular disease ?

Answer 1

1. RISK FACTOR THAT CANNOT BE CHANGED

• GENDER (male are at high risk)
• AGE
• A Family History of Heart disease
• BEING POST- MENOPOUSAL.

2. RISK FACTOR THAT CAN BE CHANGED

• Smoking
• High LDL, or "bad" cholesterol, and low HDL, or "good" cholesterol
• Uncontrolled hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Physical inactivity
• Obesity
• Uncontrolled diabetes

3.DIFFERENT TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

1 CORONARY HEART DISEASE

Coronary heart Disease are the disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.

Major risk factors

High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, diabetes, advancing age, inherited (genetic) disposition.

Other risk factors include : Poverty, low educational status, poor mental health (depression), inflammation and blood clotting disorders.

2 RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

Damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria.

3 STROKE

Strokes are caused by disruption of the blood supply to the brain. This may result from either blockage (ischaemic stroke) or rupture of a blood vessel (haemorrhagic stroke).

Risk factors

High blood pressure, atrial fibrillation (a heart rhythm disorder), high blood cholesterol, tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, diabetes, Deaths from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and advancing age.

4 CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Congenital Heart Disease occur by the malformations of heart structures existing at birth may be caused due to genetic factors or by adverse exposures during gestation. Examples are holes in the heart, abnormal valves, and abnormal heart chambers.

Risk factors

Maternal alcohol use, medicines (for example thalidomide, warfarin) used by the expectant mother, maternal infections such as rubella, poor maternal nutrition (low intake of folate), close blood relationship between parents (consanguinity).

5 DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS (DVT ) AND PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs.

Risk factors

Surgery, obesity, cancer, previous episode of DVT, recent childbirth, use of oral contraceptive and hormone replacement therapy, long periods of immobility, for example while travelling, high homocysteine levels in the blood.

6 PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE

Peripheral arterial disease are the disease of the arteries supplying the arms and legs.

Risk factors: same as  coronary heart disease.