Question

Please explain

4. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include which of the following? A) Genetics B) Cigarette smoking C) High levels of stress D) High-fat diet E) Being overweight F) Having a sedentary lifestyle G) Uncontrolled blood sugars H) Excessive sun exposure I) High blood cholesterol J) High blood pressure

Answer 1

Heart is a hollow muscular organ that pumps the blood through the circulatory system by rhythmic contraction and dilation.The heart may having 4 chambers with two atria and two ventricles.

Cardiovascular system is otherwise called as circulatory system that circulates blood and lymph through the body,consisting of heart,blood vessels,blood,lymph and the lymphatic vessels and glands.

Cardiovascular disease is also called as heart disease where there includes diseased vessels,structural problems and blood clots

The most commonly found cardio vascular diseases are :

*Coronary artery disease

*Cardiac arrest

*Congestive heart failure

*Arrhythmia

*Peripheral artery disease

*Stroke

*Congenital heart disease

4.

A) Genetic factors play some role in high B.P,heart disease,and other related conditions.Heart diseases can be passed from one generation to other and may risk for getting the cardiovascular disease.Family members share genes and pass traits from one generation to another through the genes.That may also called as heredity

B)

While smoking the nicotine in the smoke $\rightarrow$ reduces the oxygen level to the heart for its function $\rightarrow$ as a compensatory mechanism the heart tries to raise the B.P and speeds up the heart rate $\rightarrow$ forming of more blood clots are more likely to occur $\rightarrow$ that blocks the blood vessels $\rightarrow$ Heart attack and stroke

C)

During the stage of stress $\rightarrow$ there is a activation of both sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis $\rightarrow$ increase in the secretion of catecholamines,glucocorticoids and inflammatory cytiokines $\rightarrow$ Increase in heat rate and B.P $\rightarrow$ eventually leads to the endothelial dysfunction $\rightarrow$ cardiovascular disease

D)

By the intake of high saturated fat diet may lead to obesity,high B.P,uncontrollable diabetes results from the the accumulation of fat in bloods vessels forms to plaque thus decrease in the diameter of blood vessels a nd clog the arteries of the heart and making it more likely that a blood clot will form leads to heart attack

E)

Many overweight and obese people have the diets high in saturated fat as leads as a secondary cause of cardio-vascular disease

F)

Having a sedentary life style there is a physical in activity that enhances the vascular ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) production $\rightarrow$ endothelial dysfunction and and atherosclerosis that secondary leads to cardiovascular disease

G)

Uncontrolled blood sugars can damage the artery walls that contribute to coronary heart disease.People who are obese are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes

I)

Saturated and trans fat in the diet tend to increase LDL cholestrol in the blood.The LDL cholstrol can leads toplaque forming on arteries leads to cardio vascular disease.

J)

In case of high BP or hypertension,that means the pressure in the arteries is higher than normal.This may because the arteries are less elastic $\rightarrow$   more blood volume or the heart has to pump these more amount of blood