Question

Please write 1 paragraph for each of the following (total 3 paragraphs) and each paragraph shall be no more than 6 sentences.

*** Minus 1 point for extra long paragraphs or over 9 sentences.

Grading for participation in postings (Possible points: 5)

Main Post

Discuss ONE SPECIFIC diuretic.

Give class; actions and uses; side effects & adverse effects, CONTRA-INDICATIONS; any other pertinent information.

Discuss ONE SPECIFIC bronchodilator or other asthma medication.

Give class; actions and uses; side effects & contra-indications; any other pertinent information.

Please discuss ONE SPECIFIC cardiac medication in chapter 37 (Cardiac Glycosides, Antianginals, and Antidysrhythmics)

Give class; actions and uses; side effects & adverse reactions; contraindications & toxicity; administration; any other pertinent information.

Answer 1

1. Furosemide:

This drug comes under Loop diuretics and its action is to Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle and distal renal tubule and increase renal excretion of water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. It is used in Diuresis and subsequent mobilization of excess fluid (edema, pleural effusions), decrease the blood pressure. The adverse effects and side effects include blurred vision, dizziness, headache, vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, hypotension, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth, dyspepsia, nausea, pancreatitis, vomiting, excessive urination, photosensitivity, pruritis , rash, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, dehydration, hypocalcemia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, metabolic alkalosis, aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia and muscle cramps. it is contraindicated in hypersensitivity, and cautiously used in liver disease, electrolyte depletion and in children. Monitor weight, intake output, serum electrolytes and any adverse reactions regularly.

2. Salbutamol:

It is a bronchodilator and used to control and prevent reversible airway obstruction caused by asthma or COPD. It binds to beta₂-adrenergic receptors in airway smooth muscle, leading to activation of adenyl cyclase and increased levels of cyclic-3′, 5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) , increases in cAMP activate kinases, which inhibit the phosphorylation of myosin and decrease intracellular calcium causing airway smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.The adverse effects include nervousness, restlessness, tremor, headache, insomnia (Pediatric: occurs more frequently in young children than adults), hyperactivity in children,chest pain, palpitations, angina, arrhythmias, hypertension, nausea, vomiting, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia and tremor.

This drug is contraindicated in hypersensitivity, used cautiously in Cardiac disease, Hypertension, Hyperthyroidism, Diabetes, Glaucoma and Seizure disorders, pregnancy and lactation.

3.Adenosine:

It is antidysrhythmic drug and used in treating SVT, diagnosis for myocardial perfusion defects in CAD and its action is to restore normal sinus rhythm by interrupting re-entrant pathways in the AV node, slow conduction time through the AV node and produce coronary artery vasodilation. The side effects include apprehension, dizziness, headache, head pressure, light-headedness, blurred vision, throat tightness, shortness of breath, chest pressure, hyperventilation ,facial flushing, transient arrhythmias, chest pain, hypotension, palpitations, metallic taste, nausea, burning sensation, facial flushing, sweating, neck and back pain, numbness, tingling , heaviness in arms and pressure sensation in groin. This drug is contraindicated in Hypersensitivity. 2nd- or 3rd-degree AV block or sick sinus syndrome, unless a functional artificial pacemaker is present and cautiously used in asthmatic and lactating women. the administration of the drug is 0.05–0.1 mg/kg as a rapid bolus, may repeat in 1–2 min; if response is inadequate, may increase by 0.05–0.1 mg/kg until sinus rhythm is established or maximum dose of 0.3 mg/kg is used. Monitor heart rate frequently (every 15–30 sec) and ECG continuously during therapy because short, transient period of 1st-, 2nd-, or 3rd-degree heart block or asystole may occur following injection.